bison
landscape and leave the area that we
designate as Yellowstone National Park
for a couple of reasons population
abundance alone could drive them to
pioneer new areas but on top of that
bison remove any time there's heavy
snowfall winters so even at really low
population abundance you should expect a
lot of animals to leave the National
Park so it's a combination of those two
and we've worked diligently with the
people that manage wild bison when they
leave the National Park to develop a
responsible management program the
reality is bison leaving the National
Park isn't particularly a problem to the
national park service but bison leaving
the National Park and going to other
locations is more of a problem to the
managers that are tasked with manage
managing them outside the park because
there are some animals within the Bison
population that are infected with a
bacterial disease called brucellosis
laws prevent movement of brucellosis
infected animals just anywhere on the
landscape for several decades maybe five
or six actually there have been
discussions and negotiations with all
three states that's around Yellowstone
and the states have articulated that
they really didn't want wild bison
outside the National Park well along the
lines through more negotiation and and
helping them learn to manage bison
outside the park
we've actually gained some acceptance
for bison in some areas so that the
problem is lessened by the state
learning how to manage and that they can
be managed but the problem that many
people focus on is the fact that the
National Park Service is doing things
that are unnatural park-like like
killing animals that before they even
leave the National
mark and we do that because we're trying
to negotiate a responsible management
program that allows our state partners
the comfort to you know let bison Rome
into areas that they normally wouldn't
allow happen and greatest advances in
expanding the conservation area for
bison have occurred over the last 15
years
brucellosis is back
these that really focuses its infection
process in the reproductive tract of
individuals that are infected
brucellosis is an economic disease to
livestock operators because it affects
reproduction in their herds and Wildlife
brucellosis also affects reproduction
but we have such prolific reproducers in
elk and bison in the Greater Yellowstone
area that it simply reduces the
reproductive capacity if you will of our
local populations the probability of
infecting livestock when infected
wildlife come in contact during the
infectious period is the root of the
conflict and the livestock operators of
all of the united states have been able
to eliminate brucellosis within the
industry and are now feeling threatened
by wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone
area as an infection vector that could
really affect their disease free hurts
brucellosis is not it is not a type of
disease that causes mortality it's
simply reduces reproductive capacity of
individuals so there's a responsible way
to manage in that keeping animals that
are potential vectors that may be
infected with the disease away from
susceptible individuals during that late
winter time period is a possibility
fencing of livestock can be done to
prevent interaction with wildlife and
has been done in many locations and
quite successfully transmission of
brucellosis from wildlife to livestock
really is possible because the wildlife
of the Greater Yellowstone area comes
down out of the mountains in late winter
and they moved to low elevation areas
where there's snow as shallower easier
to find a bite to eat and that just so
happens to be the best place for humans
to occupy both with cities and with
agricultural activities so the wildlife
are attracted to those low elevation
areas where the livestock are
concentrated in the wintertime and at
the same time all of those wildlife are
late in their pregnancy and that's the
most probable time for a transmission
event to occur many people argue that
there's never been a documented case
where bison have been the transmission
vehicle to infect livestock and while
that's true we can't conclude that it's
never happened because it's difficult to
monitor and track what's most important
to understand is that it's possible and
that the reason that's never been
documented in recent history is really a
testament to the diligent management
efforts put forth by the state of
Montana and the National Park Service to
prevent commingling during that that
transmission time period
brucellosis in fact
in elk functions the exact same as
brucellosis infection and bison and
brucellosis infection and livestock so
biologically there's really no
difference and that transmission and
infection cycles some of the details of
how it works within each individual
species is a little bit different but
the bottom line is that any of those
three species could be transmission
vectors to any of those three species
many of our constituents ask why do you
treat elk differently than me treat
bison our state wildlife managers in
Idaho Wyoming and Montana are more
tolerant of elk and allow the elk from
yellowstone national park to move freely
back and forth across the boundary
the tolerance
bison when they leave Yellowstone
National Park is a subject of great
debate and over the course of my career
I would say that acceptance of wild
bison by our state colleagues and manage
wild bison in Montana has improved there
was a time 20 years ago that there was
zero tolerance for bison when they cross
the national park boundary and through
two or three different adjustments to
the state's management perspective we've
gained additional areas for wild bison
for portions of the year and there are
actually a couple of locations that wild
bison can occupy year-round and that was
not the case prior to nineteen
ninety-five what we've learned in the
intervening years since we began
managing wild bison together with the
state of Montana is that the population
can fluctuate from 2500 4500 and not
create any undue stress on society
outside the National Park and by that I
mean it doesn't create any additional
transmission risk to the livestock
industry it minimizes the safety risk to
travelers along highways that travel 70
miles an hour and it reduces the
conflict between private landowners that
live in the area that bison select when
they moved to locations outside the
National Park
I've been asked many
x y the National Park Service doesn't
simply keep their hands off and do
nothing to manage wild bison and I think
the bottom line is it's our
responsibility to work with our partners
that manage this species outside the
National Park to have a credible
restoration and management program that
conserve the species and this population
for a long period of time so we do need
to work together to resolve our
differences the management strategy for
you know maintaining a population that
doesn't grow beyond an objective level
is a routine part of conserving wild
bison and every constituency group that
weighs in and has a opinion on this has
a different abundance level that they
think this should be managed at so the
debate will go on for many years as to
what the appropriate population
abundance should be but at this point in
time the managers that are responsible
for managing Yellowstone National Park
have negotiated a population objective
level of around three thousand animals
and our decision document that assess
the impacts of that back in two thousand
acknowledge that it would probably
fluctuate between 3,000 3,500
there are
who the current management strategy of
allowing hunters to be the primary
removal mechanism for bison and for the
national parks in the state of Montana
to be the kind of backup plan to
supplement removals through our captures
that are various boundary capture
facilities the alternative would include
quarantine as a mechanism for monitoring
and managing live animals that leave the
National Park and finding all of the
disease free animals and monitoring them
long enough to assure that their disease
free and doing something very creative
with the brucellosis exposed individuals
so that they could be quarantined in a
different way outside the National Park
and harvested either through hunting our
shipments to slaughter at a different
time of year when the animals are not
subject to the stresses of winter
the rounding up of animals and
consigning them to slaughter as a as a
process that the National Park Service
takes real seriously and not many in the
National Park Service are overly excited
about going out and doing the work so
that process occurs with kind of the
least amount of impact as possible in
order to respect you know the our
conservation mandate but when we are
tasked to go and collect animals we will
do it in a three different methods one
method is to simply open the gate and
allow the animals to wander in and that
happens often when animals and end up
milling around the gates but not really
walking in on their own
we will let x walk out there on the
landscape and get behind them put just
enough pressure to get him to walk in
the gate but there are times where we
actually use our skilled horseback
riders to ride out collect groups of 25
280 and we will round them up
use the folks on horseback to kind of
keep them hurted and push them toward
that the openings in the fences and we
have a funnel-like in system to move
them right through the gates
once the animals are behind fence
they're fed or watered their cared for
as best we can and then the the
challenge is to move them through a
processing facility and reduce or limit
this dress that wild animals have when
they're confined so the best way to do
that is to have a sorting corral has a
lot of plywood and visual barriers so
they can't really see a lot of things
that are going on and that helps you
know reduce the stress for those animal
so we try and manage the transport
operation so that we move them in sort
of get them set for transport the very
next day and that limits the amount of
time that they're in that extremely
confined facility one of the things we
do when we process the animals in the
sorting corral is we stop individuals
and we look at their teeth and the teeth
patterns help us understand how old they
are so we can match an age to a sex of
an individual and will draw blood so we
draw a little bit of blood and we have
been doing some work monitoring genetic
diversity values we monitor pregnancy
rates we monitor brucellosis infection
and exposure rates about half of the
population will test positive for
brucellosis and about half of those
individuals will be likely infectious at
the time or i should say actively going
through the infection process and our
studies of whose infectious and what
their serology results are traps I'd
have really helped us kind of narrow
down you know who are the likely
infectious spreaders they have to be
three years old they have to be pregnant
and they have to be female what we do at
the north boundary and especially at the
stevens creek capture facility is a part
of routine operations and there's
probably not going to be anything done
differently until we resolve the
conflicts about how to move live animals
outside the National Park so if people
are interested in seeing a different
strategy and see shipments the slaughter
go away they should engage and help find
you know a reasonable way to move
animals from a brucellosis infected her
too
you know quarantine type facilities and
be very supportive of something like
that
every year we
great links to evaluate you know how
safe the facility is for bringing the
wild animals in and how safe it is for
the workers out there working with the
wild animals and in the early years we
had some challenges and we had animals
get hurt a little bit more frequently
but through a number of improvements and
almost annually
we've done things like build permanent
walkways so that the employees can you
know move safely at about the top of the
pen without being independent with the
animals and on how we grab individual
animals at the squeeze chute is a
another improvement that we've made over
the years instead of a hand-operated
squeeze chute where we had to contain
the head
oftentimes with a little nose ring that
pulls the pulls the nose out straight to
hold the head steel were collecting
blood tissues are blood samples we have
replaced that with a hydraulic squeeze
chute and there's much less hands-on the
squeeze chute is maneuverable from
operator off to the side move holds the
animal in a restrained manner so they
don't jump around and hurt themselves
and and also it now has a small bar
let's simply move the jaw off to the
side and we don't have to use the the
kind of old-fashioned nose ring to to
contain the head
it's a it's a methodology that really is
something that's hard to to watch if
you're National Park Service employee
constraining the animals like that but
we do it as quickly as efficiently as
possible and we probably reduce the
number of injuries to animals by buying
the squeeze chute
we have
from agreements relationships with a
variety of tribal tribal organizations
bison are important for their culture
and they value them for food that's what
their ancestors did they ate bison and
they use the skulls for ceremonies and
they use the heights to to you know
build their living structures and and
their clothing and things of that nature
so we have these relationships with
several tribal organizations to take the
animals they you know they take them to
the slaughter plants and and basically
take the carcasses back to their people
and eat them and and use the skulls and
the hides and all of the parts that they
can
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