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As historian Niall Ferguson writes in his 2011

book, "Civilization: The West and the Rest", the city of London was an outback in the 15th

century compared to some of China's great cities.

Then with international trading led by The British East India Company money flooded in,

as did people of different nationalities.

The population is estimated to have been 50,000 in 1530 and then in 1605 it was around 225,000

people.

Throughout the industrial revolution London became the center of the world and from around

1825 to 1925 it had the largest population of any city on Earth.

The British Empire faded, but London has always been a powerhouse culturally, but also economically.

According to the Global Financial Centers Index, London is still the largest financial

center in the world- but what is this great city truly about?

Welcome to this episode of the Infographics Show, What is the city of London corporation?

It may come as a surprise to some of you that London is not just a city but also a corporation.

Those that don't know are probably thinking right now what is this corporation?

Does it function like the Microsoft Corporation?

Does it hire and fire and post annual profits?

Does it have a main headquarters and a CEO?

Let's find out.

So, the Corporation of London or in legal terms the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens

of the City of London, is the governing body of London's financial district which is

sometimes referred to as the "Square Mile."

Within that mile around 8,000 live, although around 400,000 people commute into that area

for work every day, according to the corporation's own website.

London is divided into 33 areas, or boroughs, and this area is one of them.

On its website the corporation is perhaps extremely vague when it answers the question

concerning what it is responsible for.

The answer it gives is, "Providing services for residents (and City businesses) in the

Square Mile, but not those of other boroughs."

And yep, you can apply for a job in this corporation, just like any other.

It has bosses in a sort of way and lots of staff.

But let's rewind a little.

We have to go back a long way when we look at how this corporation began.

In fact, it's often called the "world's oldest continuously-elected democracy and

predates Parliament."

The city of London school website writes, "The Corporation's structure includes the

Lord Mayor, the Court of Aldermen, the Court of Common Council, and the Freemen and Livery

of the City.

The City of London developed a unique form of government which led to the system of parliamentary

government at local and national level."

We'll make a long story short here.

2,000 years ago, the Romans founded a trading post in what is now southern England and they

called it Londinium.

They did what they did best and built roads, walls, bridges, and made this place an excellent

hub of trading.

For hundreds of years the city endured and when William the Conqueror arrived in the

11th century he quite liked it, too.

He created the city of London and gave Londoners their privileges and rights so long as they

accepted him as King.

Done deal.

He built towers around the place, including the Tower of London, and fortified the rest

of London.

The city of London was a special old place, and this started a kind of agreement that

it should remain a power unto itself.

Later monarchs to some extent feared this powerful city and they created Westminster,

which is west of the city of London.

You then had two cities.

The city of London still had a lot of freedom, which, according to one website, was "an

essential requirement for all who wished to carry on business and prosper in trade within

the Square Mile."

Freemen there could do their business not impinged by outside influence.

It was in 1191 that the Corporation announced itself as a commune, only one rung on the

ladder below the sovereign.

It judged itself, it was in a way a law unto itself.

It became so powerful that in 1632 the crown asked if the corporation might extend its

privileges to other areas of London, but it refused.

These privileges we are talking about were mainly related to laws.

As more people flooded into London, many of them refuges from the poorer Midlands and

the North, the corporation was asked if it might extend its boundaries.

In 1637 it rebuffed that proposal, and this became known as "The Great Refusal".

It's when the corporation of London in some ways turned its back on the rest of London

and that's why people sometimes talk about "A Tale of Two Cities."

One historian writes, "From that point on the people of London lacked any democratic

unitary municipal authority.

Business and, most particularly, finance, in contrast, had the most ancient political

institution in the kingdom at their disposal."

There were attempts to reform this gilded city, but the corporation stayed.

In the 18th century London was flourishing, but it was the corporation that really flourished,

bolstered by free trade.

And it went against the monarchy at times, making it a kind of rogue entity in England.

It supported George Washington and the American revolution, even sending over men to fight

for American independence and also sending over lots of money – something it wasn't

short of.

This was pretty much treason, but it got away with it.

The corporation was untouchable.

Soon Parliament replaced the Crown as the highest power and democracy supplanted the

Divine Right of Kings, but still the Corporation of London remained a power unto itself, and

the state didn't want to make it subject to its practices and laws.

The privileges and all the assets the corporation remained in-tact.

It worked for itself, not exactly always serving the people of Britain.

This of course has inspired a lot of criticism, and that criticism we hear today.

Political writer George Monbiot offers us this stark line when talking about the Corporation

of London: "It's the dark heart of Britain, the place where democracy goes to die, immensely

powerful, equally unaccountable."

He then adds that it's doubtful even one in ten Brits knows it exists.

Are any Brits nodding their head right now?

Monbiot explains that there are 25 electoral wards in the Square Mile area, but only four

of them contain the 9,000 (we read 8,000 before) people that can vote.

All the other votes are not people, they are business, mainly banks and finance companies.

And no, it's not the workers inside the businesses that vote, it's the bosses.

The bigger the company, the more votes it gets.

This is what is known as a Plutocracy.

So, even though the corporation calls itself a democracy, it's really just an entity

ruled by the most rich and powerful.

It gets stranger, though, and that's why there are tons of conspiracy theories about

this corporation.

So, there are different layers of elected people.

They are the common councilmen, the aldermen, the sheriffs and the Lord Mayor.

To get into any of these positions you must be a freeman.

What the hell is a freeman?

The corporation's own website writes, "The medieval term 'freeman' meant someone who

was not the property of a feudal lord but enjoyed privileges such as the right to earn

money and own land.

Town dwellers who were protected by the charter of their town or city were often free – hence

the term 'freedom' of the City."

Nowadays if you want to apply to become a freeman, you must either show exceptional

servitude, inherit the title or be nominated by a Livery company…hmm, and what exactly

is a livery company?

They came out of medieval guilds, developed into trading and crafts companies and are

now basically just powerful entities that embrace trade and commerce.

There are 110 of them in London.

They have lavish dinner parties and mostly speak in a kind of archaic posh English that

is sometimes mocked by the rest of the country.

At the head of the table you might find the Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths, Lord Sutherland

of Houndwood.

You get the picture, this is ancient, ritualistic England, a kind of Eyes Wide Shut scenario

to those who might also believe the Queen is a lizard.

It's definitely a bit anachronistic and strange to most.

So, to become a freeman you must also get approval by an alderman, who has already gotten

approval from a livery company.

If you want to become the Lord Mayor, you must have gotten approval from everyone.

You must also give a lot of money away, which basically means you need to be very, very

rich to get that position.

As Monbiot says, it's all about being in what the Brits call an "Old Boys Network",

which is a derogatory term meaning upper-class men that have made connections with other

posh men in expensive schools and those connections are carried into adulthood.

These are the people that run the corporation of London.

With money as their lodestar it's not surprising this network isn't always playing a straight

game, after all, they were partly behind the financial crisis.

Even after that crisis, the Lord Mayor's job is partly to be an advocate for liberalization.

That means deregulation.

This can encourage corruption.

That's why the corporation is so often criticized.

In the documentary "The Spider's Web: Britain's Second Empire" the creators take a dim view

of the Corporation of London, saying that after the empire collapsed it was this corporation

that still pulled the strings in the world's finance sectors.

And it wasn't always ethical.

This was corroborated in the book, Treasure Islands, which says that because the corporation

is a law unto itself, it can virtually get away with anything.

The government is sometimes powerless to intervene.

What goes on in the corporation stays in the corporation.

Monbiot writes, "The City has exploited this remarkable position to establish itself

as a kind of offshore state, a secrecy jurisdiction which controls the network of tax havens housed

in the UK's crown dependencies and overseas territories."

We're talking about billions and billions of dollars, money laundered through the corporation

with absolute impunity.

That's what the critics tell us anyway.

The documentary we just mentioned says this cash isn't just the money of oligarchs,

but also drug barons, gangsters, and sometimes money from African despots who have mined

their poor countries' resources but have no intention of putting the money back into

their country.

All this aided and abetted by this superpower within a square mile of London.

We might add that a lot of cash that should have been taxable could have gone back in

Great Britain, which some critics say is a reason some of the country's poorer areas

look almost third world.

The author of Treasure Islands writes about this, saying the relationship between offshore

islands such as the Cayman Islands and the corporation can't be understated in terms

of how important it is for those involved and how it is detrimental to the British people.

"This relationship is of massive, almost transcendental importance for the UK," he

said.

It's not that the City of London Corporation is directly an offshore business, it's just

the special rules it works under allow it to direct money to tax havens.

Will it change?

One critic wrote, "I have observed British officials blocking attempts to strengthen

international cooperation on tax information exchange by keeping discussion on offshore

trusts off the agenda.

This happened as recently as 2015."

It's not just islands far away, either.

Most people know large companies can find a tax haven next door on the islands of the

Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

The Occupied Times writes that these three islands, "provided net financing to UK banks

of a staggering $332.5 billion in the second quarter of 2009."

It's not exactly secret, either.

You can read on the Jersey Finance website that it provides services for, "corporate

treasurers, institutional bankers and treasury specialists, fund promoters, brokers and other

corporate financiers, Jersey represents an extension of the City of London."

According to critics hundreds of billions of dollars of cash is not getting taxed, while

the Brits complain about late trains, NHS cutbacks and dole scroungers.

We'll leave you with this line from Treasure Islands:

"'There is nothing we can do' is the typical response to those who say that the

UK cracks down on the criminality, abuse and corruption run out of these places.

And behind it all lies the City of London, anxious to preserve its access to the world's

dirty money."

So, what do you think about this?

Can you add to the story?

Let us know in the comments.

Also, be sure to check out our other video Oldest Companies That Still Exist.

Thanks for watching, and as always, don't forget to like, share and subscribe.

See you next time.

For more infomation >> What Is The City of London Corporation? - Duration: 12:20.

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Is retail dying? | CNBC Explains - Duration: 6:26.

There's nothing quite like the adrenaline rush of a shopping spree.

But for many of us, that no longer means walking around shopping malls.

It means shopping online.

That's one reason why experts are saying we're in the beginning stages of a retail apocalypse.

But are we?

You've probably heard about the challenges brick and mortar stores are facing

like Toys R Us, which is closing about 900 of its stores in the U.S. and U.K.

And there's American retail icon Sears.

It pioneered ordering by catalogue and was seen as the Amazon of its time.

Sears had survived for 132 years before it filed for bankruptcy in 2018, closing more than 100 stores.

It's not just a few big retailers.

In just three years we've seen a wave of retailers go bankrupt.

And in 2017, retail store closures in the United States hit a record high.

But it's not just the United States.

Some places like Hong Kong, Singapore and Britain have also been hit by slow retail sales.

Almost 6,000 stores closed in Britain last year - that's 16 stores a day.

Those figures may sound like doomsday for retailers, but don't write them off yet.

There's a silver lining - people love online shopping.

This year, Cyber Monday became the largest online shopping day in U.S history,

with online sales reaching $7.9 billion in one day, while shoppers spent $6.2 billion on Black Friday.

Still, those figures were eclipsed by those of a one-day shopping event in China.

Alibaba's Singles Day, which falls on November 11, is China's biggest shopping event.

This year, it made a staggering $30.8 billion in 24 hours.

China is the largest e-commerce market in the world.

The U.S. comes in at number two and the rest of the world makes up about a third of global online sales.

But how large is the e-commerce market exactly?

Well, for all of 2017, American consumers spent a whopping $453 billion online.

That sounds like a lot, but Chinese consumers spent more than twice of that, totalling more than $1 trillion.

The spectacular e-commerce figures are the reason why many think physical retail is dying out.

But let's take a closer look at the story behind the numbers.

Online retail sales have been growing as a proportion of total sales in China, as well as in the United States.

Globally, there's a huge appetite for shopping with the click of your mouse.

Online sales in Europe are growing 10 times faster than brick and mortar retail,

while Southeast Asia's e-commerce growth is skyrocketing, doubling from 2017 to 2018.

But here's cause for pause.

The explosive growth of online sales is moderating in China, while it's keeping steady in the United States.

So we may hear about big household names closing a large number of stores,

but overall, retail sales in the United States and China continue to grow steadily.

Here's another interesting trend.

Online retailers are going from clicks to bricks.

Amazon, for instance, has opened about 20 bookstores,

at least six Amazon Go convenience stores, as well as its 4-star store.

You guessed it - it's a store that only stocks products rated four stars and above on the Amazon website.

Alibaba is China's answer to Amazon, and it owns Taobao, China's largest shopping website.

I'm here at Alibaba's first Taobao store in Singapore.

Taobao is known for its enormous catalog, selling pretty much anything you could possibly imagine.

But its store in Singapore carries only a selection of some of its coolest items.

Would you like a chicken wing pillow?

Well you can't quite bring it home, but you can scan the QR code and order it online.

At least you know exactly what you're getting.

Alibaba is keen on integrating online and offline retail.

To drive up hype for Singles Day, it got 200,000 stores across China to participate.

Shoppers could try on make-up testing mirrors and get freebies through their mobile phones.

Its biggest bet on physical at the moment?

That would be its Hema supermarkets, of which there are about 60 in China.

Shoppers can go to Hema to get seafood served by robots,

or they can order at Hema online and get groceries delivered in 30 minutes.

Online retailers seem to be absolutely pummelling the competition.

So why are Alibaba and Amazon bothering to open physical stores?

First of all, while sales from their brick and mortar stores may not quite be as mind-boggling as their online

figures, there is evidence that shoppers who buy in-store end up purchasing more from their online stores.

And here's what's even more valuable - the data.

Opening physical stores provides tech giants with even more data about shopping behavior, likely

helping Alibaba and Amazon get even better at making irresistible offers to both online and offline shoppers.

Mall operators and more traditional retailers also want to get in on the action.

Asian real estate company Capitaland brought in Taobao for its mall in Singapore,

and it will also open the country's first online-and-offline mall,

which will include robots, automation and facial recognition technology.

Despite their love for online shopping, many customers still want to try on products in store.

More importantly, they want to buy.

So it's up to retailers if they want to bring on the retail revolution, or face the apocalypse.

Hi everyone, it's Xin En!

Thanks for watching.

If you want to check out more of our CNBC videos, click here.

As usual, please feel free to leave any future suggestions for videos in our comments section.

That's all for now, don't forget to subscribe, see you next time!

For more infomation >> Is retail dying? | CNBC Explains - Duration: 6:26.

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The Gift of Prophecy - Duration: 2:53.

The gift of prophecy - here we go, this is gonna be deep, you ready? You should write

this down: it's a gift. It's a gift. And the Greek word gift there means a

favour which is received without any merit out of its own.

In other words, you don't get the gift of prophecy, or any gift

from God actually, you don't get it because you earned it,

that's why it's called a gift and not an award. Which means you could move in

signs and wonders and miracles and have terrible character. I didn't say you

should, I just said you could. You can, why? Because you get the gift of prophecy by

what? Asking for it. It has no merit, in other words, you didn't do anything

to get it except for you asked for it.

The fruits of the Spirit - love, joy, peace, patience, and the others that I almost remember,

I remember this one though: self-control is in there. The fruit of the Spirit is a

sign that you actually have a relationship with the Spirit, it's the

fruit that you have a relationship with the Spirit. Now if you go over to the prayer

house and pray for three hours and come back grumpy, I don't know who you talked to,

because part of the fruit - I'm very serious -

I know people who quote "spend hours with God" and have the worst attitude, I'm like

I don't know who you've been talking to but the fruit of the Spirit is love, JOY,

peace, patience, and when you come back grumpy and grouchy and you

have no patience for people, and you're not kind, and you're like, I love Jesus

I'm like, dude I don't know who you're speaking to over there, but if I were you

I'd ask for someone else. I just want to say this, you know this is a little

parenthesis, but your relationship with God needs to benefit the people you know.

You'll make evangelism a lot easier if you loving God helps you to love them.

And by the way, I think it's why putting loving God is the first

commandment and loving people is second, because I don't think you can love

people very well till you love God, but once you love God loving people is pretty easy.

So you can prophesy, do miracles, all this kind of stuff, and what

did Jesus say to the guy who came to Him in the last days, there'll be false

prophets and they'll say, "Didn't we do miracles, didn't we prophesy in your name,

didn't we cast out demons?" And what's His point?

"I never," What? "Knew you." So can we agree that the gifts of the Spirit do not mean

that you have a great relationship with God? They just mean you asked for something

and Jesus gave it to you.

For more infomation >> The Gift of Prophecy - Duration: 2:53.

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Реакция на Рем Дигга - Бадаландабад при уч. Miyagi - Duration: 8:06.

For more infomation >> Реакция на Рем Дигга - Бадаландабад при уч. Miyagi - Duration: 8:06.

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REBEL PARKS - MONOCHROME (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO) https://rebelparks.com/ - Duration: 5:10.

( SPINNING FINGER GLASS )

( AMBIENT SEA WAVES AGAINST ROCKS )

♪ ( "MONOCHROME" ELECTRIC GUITAR INTRO ) ♪

♪ I FEEL THE DARK INSIDE MY OWN DESPAIR ♪

♪ AND I HAVE TO BREATH YOU OUT TO CATCH YOUR FLARE ♪

♪ NO NO NO ♪

♪ I DON´T WANT TO LET YOU GO NOW ♪

♪ PUNCH A HOLE IN MY CELLOPHANE ♪

♪ CAUSE I GOTTA BLOW MY LOW HOW? ♪

♪ COLOR MY SOUL AGAIN ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH JUST HOLD ON ♪

♪ BE MY RAINBOW FLY ME HOME ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH WONDERLAND SWAN ♪

♪ I WILL DEFEAT THE MONOCHROME ♪

♪ DON´T TRY TO SUCK ME IN ♪

♪ CAUSE I´M A GHOST ♪

♪ LIKE SOMEONE YOU COULD MEET ♪

♪ BUT NEVER HOST ♪

♪ SO GO GO ♪

♪ SOMEWHERE FAR FROM HERE AND PRAY ♪

♪ I´M FIGHTING MY HURRICANE ♪

♪ AND SOMEDAY INSIDE THE EYE WE MAY ♪

♪ BE AS ONE AGAIN ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH JUST HOLD ON ♪

♪ BE MY RAINBOW FLY ME HOME ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH WONDERLAND SWAN ♪

♪ I WILL DEFEAT THE MONOCHROME ♪

♪ ( INSTRUMENTAL BRIDGE ) ♪

♪ A BROKEN DREAM A SHADY HOME ♪

♪ MY GENERATION IN MONOCHROME ♪

♪ LOWER HIGHS HIGHER LOWS ♪

♪ I NEVER PLAYED BY A FIRE HOSE ♪

♪ IF I DIE TODAY I´D BE REBORN ♪

♪ AS A ZOMBIE TALE FOR KIDS TO SCORN ♪

♪ SO SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I FLOW ♪

♪ WITH A SYSTEM MADE TO PLOUGH ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH JUST HOLD ON ♪

♪ BE MY RAINBOW FLY ME HOME ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH WONDERLAND SWAN ♪

♪ I WILL DEFEAT THE MONOCHROME ♪

♪ JUST WAIT ♪

♪ KEEP THE FAITH ♪

♪ JUST WAIT ♪

♪ FAITH ♪

For more infomation >> REBEL PARKS - MONOCHROME (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO) https://rebelparks.com/ - Duration: 5:10.

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11月30日钟汉良44岁生日，一起送祝福吧！ - Duration: 7:05.

For more infomation >> 11月30日钟汉良44岁生日，一起送祝福吧！ - Duration: 7:05.

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สื่อเผย แมนฯ ยูไนเต็ด มีข้อได้เปรียบเหนือ ลิเวอร์พูล หากต้องการสอย พูลิซิช - Duration: 1:46.

For more infomation >> สื่อเผย แมนฯ ยูไนเต็ด มีข้อได้เปรียบเหนือ ลิเวอร์พูล หากต้องการสอย พูลิซิช - Duration: 1:46.

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谢霆锋礼貌回应张柏芝第三胎事件！孩子的爸爸究竟是谁？ - Duration: 6:05.

For more infomation >> 谢霆锋礼貌回应张柏芝第三胎事件！孩子的爸爸究竟是谁？ - Duration: 6:05.

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Tome essa Bebida Antes de Dormir e Elimine a Gordura que Você Consumiu Durante o Dia! - Duration: 2:38.

For more infomation >> Tome essa Bebida Antes de Dormir e Elimine a Gordura que Você Consumiu Durante o Dia! - Duration: 2:38.

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Harry e Meghan: dal 'secondo' matrimonio alla cacciata di casa, lo scacco alla Regina, la verità - Duration: 12:27.

For more infomation >> Harry e Meghan: dal 'secondo' matrimonio alla cacciata di casa, lo scacco alla Regina, la verità - Duration: 12:27.

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Festa de Santo André, Apóstolo (Homilia Diária.1018) - Duration: 5:33.

For more infomation >> Festa de Santo André, Apóstolo (Homilia Diária.1018) - Duration: 5:33.

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Um enorme túmulo de 3 000 anos, descoberto no antigo Egito, revela artefatos fascinantes - Duration: 3:53.

For more infomation >> Um enorme túmulo de 3 000 anos, descoberto no antigo Egito, revela artefatos fascinantes - Duration: 3:53.

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Últimas notícia de hoje : PAULO GUEDES SOBRE DIVISÃO DE RECURSO DE PETRÓLEO: 'TÁ DIFÍCIL' - Duration: 2:28.

For more infomation >> Últimas notícia de hoje : PAULO GUEDES SOBRE DIVISÃO DE RECURSO DE PETRÓLEO: 'TÁ DIFÍCIL' - Duration: 2:28.

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Constelação Familiar: O que é Constelação Familiar? | Roberta Dias - Duration: 2:54.

For more infomation >> Constelação Familiar: O que é Constelação Familiar? | Roberta Dias - Duration: 2:54.

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Bebê Tubarão versão Dance | Halloween | Fantasias de Halloween - Duration: 1:47.

For more infomation >> Bebê Tubarão versão Dance | Halloween | Fantasias de Halloween - Duration: 1:47.

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Now I want to see (drink in the zone) - Bia Socek Feat. Solange Almeida / Official clip - Duration: 2:37.

It's Solange Almeida, now I want to see!

Bia Socek your beautiful!

What goes on in your head? Wants to know? It was not for lack of a friend, no! I warned you!

But you preferred listening to advice from a friend. And how many times have I become blind?

If you have no way, do not even pray Sit down, listen quietly, what I'm going to tell you.

Now I want to see you suffer, to humiliate yourself Run like a dog behind the owner

Now I want to see you pay for everything you did It will cost more than Pinga in the area

Now I want to see you suffer, to humiliate yourself Run like a dog behind the owner

Now I want to see you pay for everything you did It will cost more than Pinga in the area

What a pleasure to be here with you, Bia Socek.

Thanks Sol.

beautiful!

What goes on in your head? Wants to know? It was not for lack of a friend, no!

I warned you! But you preferred listening to advice from a friend.

And how many times have I become blind? If you have no way, do not even pray

Sit down, listen quietly, what I'm going to tell you.