[♪♩INTRO]
The world is full of great rivalries, like Marvel and DC, or Ali and Frazier.
Science has its fair share too—just look at Tesla and Edison.
And in the late 19th Century, two paleontologists named Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker
Cope entered a feud that would eventually be known as the Bone Wars.
While trying to one-up each other, they found and named some of today's most famous dinosaurs,
but they also made some pretty big mistakes.
At this point in history, paleontology was still taking its first clumsy steps.
In 1824, a British geologist named William Buckland published a paper about some bones
that he thought were from a huge extinct lizard.
He called it a Megalosaurus.
And even though "dinosaur" wouldn't become a word until nearly 20 years later,
Megalosaurus was the first one to be scientifically described.
That's when a researcher formally writes about what makes an animal, or a type of animal,
unique, and where it fits into the tree of life.
A few decades later, in 1858, the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton was found in America.
The Hadrosaurus was described and named by Joseph Leidy, an academic who switched from
medicine to natural history, and would play a huge part in early paleontology.
So Marsh and Cope basically grew up alongside the field.
Marsh was born in 1831 in New York, went to Yale thanks to his wealthy uncle, and ended
up studying paleontology in Germany.
Meanwhile, Cope was born in 1840 to a wealthy Quaker family.
He didn't have as much formal scientific training as Marsh, but thanks to jobs in museums,
he learned about natural history and published a lot of papers.
After the American Civil War started, Cope's father sent him off to Europe, and he met
Marsh in Berlin in 1863.
They started out friendly.
When they went back to America, they visited different dig sites.
And because they were rich, they could hire excavation teams to ship fossils back to them.
Sometimes with help from other experts, Marsh and Cope thoughtfully analyzed and published
descriptions of new specimens without stepping on each other's toes.
But soon, their friendship would come crashing down.
The feud really began when Cope was describing the marine reptile Elasmosaurus in 1868.
Instead of taking his time to reconstruct the skeleton, he raced to get some information
out in just a few weeks.
That eventually led him to misunderstand how the bones of its spine lined up.
He figured, like more modern lizards, Elasmosaurus would have a long tail instead of a long neck.
So in a figure he published in 1869, he drew its head at the wrong end of the spine.
He was publicly corrected in 1870 by Joseph Leidy, who studied the bones and noticed some
key details that Cope overlooked.
By some accounts, Marsh insisted he caught the mistake, or at the very least rubbed it
in.
Cope tried to save his bacon by retracting all copies of his paper and republishing…which
didn't exactly work.
And things got more petty from there.
The meat of the Bone Wars started around 1877, when they fought over fossils at the same
dig sites, like Como Bluffs in Wyoming, which was a treasure trove of specimens.
And they started playing dirty—spying, bribing people to switch employers, chucking rocks
to start fights, or even straight-up destroying fossils to keep them out of each other's
hands.
Between them, Cope and Marsh claimed to have described over 130 kinds of dinosaurs, among
other ancient animals.
But they rushed to publish and made a lot of mistakes, like giving new names to already-discovered
dinosaurs, or counting inconclusive fragments as a whole new animal.
For instance, when Marsh was sent the headless skeleton of a long-necked dinosaur in 1877,
he called it Apatosaurus.
But when he tried to scientifically describe the creature, he reconstructed it with a totally
wrong skull.
Then, a couple years later, he was sent another Apatosaurus skeleton with a skull, and called
it Brontosaurus.
And this naming confusion has lasted to this day.
Really, Cope and Marsh had a lot more success when they took their time with fossils, and
worked with other scientists instead of just feuding.
When Marsh described Triceratops, for example, he was only sent bits of the horns at first,
so he thought it was some kind of bison.
But when the geologist who had found the skull fossils said that it wouldn't make sense
for a lone bison to be mixed in with all these dinosaur fossils, Marsh reconsidered.
With more input from peers, Marsh thought these fossils might've come from another
dinosaur with spikes like a Stegosaurus.
And he eventually landed on the idea of a dinosaur with horns, which hadn't really
been dreamt up before.
Now, eventually, Cope and Marsh were left penniless by the Bone Wars.
And their papers had so much sniping and so little science that journals refused to publish
them.
While they did a lot for paleontology, they also were reckless and gave the field a bad
rep.
Their constant sabotaging even made Joseph Leidy quit paleontology altogether in the
mid 1870s.
So it's an interesting story, and one we've hopefully learned from.
Today we have a better understanding that science depends on things like collaboration
and sharing information—and less, y'know, throwing rocks at each other.
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
And thanks especially to our President of Space, you all know him by now…
SR Foxley!
Thank you so much SR for your continued support of SciShow.
You rock!
If you want to hear more stories about paleontology, and what the Earth was like when these creatures
we were talking about in this video were still alive, you can check out our sister channel
Eons at youtube.com/eons!
[♪♩OUTRO]

For more infomation >> MAGIC LEAGUE | MUKLASH JUNGLE vs RAMBOOT CLUB | CLASH ROYALE ESPORTS | DIRECTO - Duration: 1:13:36. 



For more infomation >> Christmas Songs New 2018 👍Top Christmas Songs 2018😋Best christmas songs playlist - Duration: 2:14:33. 


For more infomation >> Free 2017 type beat
For more infomation >> Uomini e Donne, De Filippi e Gemma al settimo cielo: una bella notizia per loro | K.N.B.T - Duration: 3:51.
For more infomation >> O Outro Lado do Paraíso: Duda má chantageia Natanael e 'mata' Danilo na 2ª fase - Duration: 2:56.
For more infomation >> Pabllo Vittar se cansa, tira a roupa no concerto e chora muito: 'quis me despir' - Duration: 2:26.
For more infomation >> Tiririca tem crime político revelado e deixa eleitores revoltados - Duration: 2:53.
For more infomation >> Menina com leucemia faz carta para Papai Noel e pedido é de partir o coração - Duration: 2:36.
For more infomation >> Benção das Alianças | Ave Maria de Gounod | Paróquia São Francisco de Assis - Duration: 3:20.
For more infomation >> Quem são os 44 marinheiros da Argentina a bordo do ARA San Juan - Duration: 2:41. 
For more infomation >> TENTE NÃO SENTIR PRAZER!!! - Duration: 15:11.
For more infomation >> Maria De Filippi: trionfo nella serata di sabato 25 novembre, di cosa si tratta? | M.C.G.S - Duration: 4:16.
For more infomation >> Dua Lipa experimenta catuaba! - Duration: 3:20.
For more infomation >> 🔶WHEN I'M GONE🔶 | ANIMATION MEME (Gift) - Duration: 1:03. 
For more infomation >> PERSIL : UN REMÈDE NATUREL ANTI RÉTENTION D'EAU-remede naturel - Duration: 3:16.
For more infomation >> Kelvin Khánh & Khởi My 💗 Album Nhạc Chọn Lọc (Alata ST) - Duration: 11:10.
For more infomation >> Was Gottes Wort alles bewirkt (1) – Joyce Meyer – Gott begegnen - Duration: 23:58. 
For more infomation >> Prepare um antibiótico caseiro e fique longe das infecções - Duration: 9:04.
For more infomation >> Crotalo Sésamo no Porto de Luz - Duration: 0:57.
For more infomation >> Filme Gay - O Monstro no Armário - Dublado - Duration: 1:29:59. 
For more infomation >> [MMD] CreepyPasta - We don't talk anymore + Motion DL| 1080p60fps | RUS SUB - Duration: 1:20.
For more infomation >> Best Amazon Cyber Monday 2017 Deals (Top 30!) - Duration: 6:28. 

For more infomation >> [TWD] Sasha Williams Transformation - Duration: 9:27.
For more infomation >> McDonalds Singapore vs McDonalds USA - Which one costs more? - Duration: 4:36. 
For more infomation >> The Greg Gutfeld Show 11/26/17 5PM | Breaking News | November 26, 2017 - Duration: 32:26. 



For more infomation >> Gucci Gang Gucci Gang Gucci Gang Gucci Gang Gucci Gang Gucci Gang Gucci Gang (Official Audio Video) - Duration: 2:14. 






No comments:
Post a Comment