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Today I would like to make a very discursive video
where we're going to see together
what are the big differences
with related disadvantages and advantages
of the 2 feeding systems
with which it can be built
a model
we speak of course
of the classic 2-rail system
or of the more niche system with 3 rails
let's make a premise
in modeling
what normally counts
it is to reproduce reality as much as possible
well, both these systems
with reality they have nothing to do
Why do I say this?
Let's make a small focus:
Every rolling stock
built in the last 20 years
use as a traction motor
an electric motor
this is because even on diesel locomotives
this type of traction
it's much more efficient
and so we chose to adopt it
in the great majority of cases
How does an electric motor work?
An electric motor
he needs, to work,
of a passage of electric charges
the electric charges move
from a negatively charged area
to a positively charged area
therefore 2 poles are required to work
on electric locomotives
we see
that the only element that takes current
it is the pantograph
Well it's not really like that
the pantograph connects
to this airline
that in itself is
electrically charged at 3000v
in standard conditions
then this depends on every nation
also here in Italy
we have both 3000 and 25k in AC
But this link is only one pole
the other pole arrives from the rails
so to say that the rails are not electrified
it's wrong
in fact there is current passing
and there is also a lot of it
there are tests
where it is seen
that the current that passes
in the rails when
when it travels over a high-speed train
at full power
it also reaches 150/200 amps
I would like to remember
that for a human being
already only 1 Ampere
it can be lethal
almost 200 of them are on the rails
Why do not we take the shock if we touch them?
Because the rails
they are at the same level of electrical potential
of the human being, because they touch the earth
so a human being "on the ground"
it is at the same level as the rail
the rail, however, is not the level of the catenary
and therefore when the locomotive transits
in fact it closes the circuit
the current from the railways
passes through the wheel
and it goes into electrical circuits and engines
from the engines then go up to the pantograph
towards the airline
therefore at the level of the scheme it is always indicated
that the electric current goes
from the positive pole to the negative pole
in reality it is the opposite
this because
the electric current is formed by electrons
electrons are the small part of an atom
and they are the negatively charged part
Move the positive part of an atom
It is a very difficult operation
because the proton is part of the nucleus neutron together
split a nucleus
it can only be done in a nuclear power plant
with all that follows
while the electron
which is the element that forms our electric current
goes away and moves without too much difficulty
In modeling
since we use electricity
2 poles are required
the positive pole and the negative pole
What's the problem?
Reality
at the level of electric locomotives
has the positive pole in the airline
and the negative pole in both rails
even here it depends on the design scheme
in some sections they are both powered
in some, only a rail
it makes no difference
What happens in Mendelism?
In modeling
one could use this real scheme
on electric locomotives
so much so that the rivarossi did it!
With the packaging of the Trams
the Tramway
they had the airline powered to positive
and both rails
powered to negative
this in the deluxe package,
in the box with the green tram
the simple 2-rail scheme was used instead
for convenience
The problem however arises
the moment we have
diesel locomotives and steam locomotives
in reality steam locomotives
they do not use electricity
the diesel locomotives instead
they have a thermal engine
the diesel engine
which is connected to alternators that produce electricity
but this can not be done in modeling
it can not be done in the H0, n or z scales
It can not be inserted
a thermal engine
in such a small model
there is no space.
And therefore it must necessarily
make sure that these locomotives also take power
they do not have a pantograph
then?
modeling license!
It was decided to use the track
in which a rail is the positive pole
the other rail is the negative pole
This track does not exist at all!
It's wrong!
What did Märklin do?
He decided to translate
the catenary, simply in the middle of the rails
the choice is debatable
I agree
has some disadvantages that we will see later
But on an electric level
it's the one that comes closest to it
to the real system
because the two rails are the negative pole
and the third rail
it becomes the positive pole
Now, one thing
this video is based
on digital installations
because
the digital
that it is used on the 2-rail system
or that it is used
in a 3-rail system
it does not change
the protocol used is indifferent
and the passing code is always the same
there are no differences
it simply changes
the way the locomotive takes power
Difference between the two systems:
let's start with the classic direct current system
The classic DC system
as mentioned
it uses a rails for the positive pole
and a rail for the negative pole
our locomotive
whether it is diesel, electric or steam
will have the two sides completely isolated
and then from one will take a pole
and the other will take the other
constructive difficulty relatively simple
you simply have to
limit possible dangers of short circuits
the same can not be said
regarding
instead the route
the choice of necessarily having both rails powered
leads
some dangers
the problem that is most underestimated
if you are not aware of it
it is the return loop
because?
Because in the return loop
we will meet again
that our right rail
doing all the rounds
it will become the left rail
so you will need to isolate them at some point
because otherwise there will be a short circuit
it is one of the easiest problems to solve
and it is almost never considered
but for a novice user
must keep it in mind
otherwise
see blocks on the control unit
without understanding the reason
Unpleasant
another thing
is that this type of system
it involves
some limitations at the level of
presence sensors
you will need to use
of magnets on trains
or photocells
or anyway systems that do not attach directly to the track
Yes, there are some users
using axes
then they change the original axis
with an axis inside
an electrical resistance is present
when this axis will transit on this track area
there will be a consumption
because the current will pass from the positive pole
at the negative pole
through this resistance
and specially designed sensors
they will perceive this tension
and they will understand that there is a train there
but it is already an elaboration of the model
it is not the 2 pure rails
on an aesthetic level
this system
it is the most faithful to reality
because
in reality it does not exist
if not in certain circumstances
a third rail
The 3-rail system
instead
provides as said
this third conductor in the middle
even here, over the years the track with 3 rails
it has completely changed
the former had just a third rail
physically present throughout the route
it could almost be used for subways
where there could be good
but on a normal track it was really very bad
the last: the tracks k
or even the tracks c
this third conductor
it has become practically invisible
there are models where
use correctly
of the ballast
makes this third conductor
practically invisible
Aesthetically though
it is still present
and therefore the purist
that even here, for them there is to be said
he does not find it beautiful
and he would never choose it
electrically though
the 3-rail system
has indisputable advantages
the first
has a larger socket
because?
Because similarly
take, for example, a 2-axle and 4-wheel locomotive
on a two-rail system
both wheels on each side will have to take power
adhesion hoops can not be used
because just one of the wheels on the side
do not contact anymore
and the locomotive is planted
in the 3-rail system
instead having 4 wheels accordingly
all for the negative pole
it is possible to use
one or even 2 adhesion rings
and despite this
there will be at least 2 or 3 wheels
always to make contact
the shoe
I understand many points of contact
almost never remains without electricity
it must be said
that on such small locomotives
the shoe exerts an upward force
and therefore it tends to lose traction power to the locomotive
it's true.
but for this reason
the big houses
they have chosen to equip these models
of magnets
magnets that will hold the locomotive glued to the track
and it will also become difficult to detach it
however, the 3-rail system is more difficult to design
at least at the locomotive level
if on the one hand it is true that it is no longer necessary
make electrical divisions
because all the wheels are grounded
on the other side it will be necessary
prepare the space for the skate
this is a great difficulty
even in conversions
as you can imagine
the skate has no problems until
work in a straight line or in a curve
On an exchange for what happens?
It happens that at some point
this third conductor
it will be cut
from the rail
that will go into the branch
if the shoe continued on its way
it would touch the rail
therefore a short circuit
What happen
at the exchanges
the tips of the third conductor
they rise about 1 mm above the normal rail
the shoe gets up
pass over the rail
and then it goes down again
movement as simple as brilliant
but if this movement is not arranged
when the shoe will pass on these tips that will raise it
he will find a block
and it will drive the whole locomotive
if it is OK
the locomotive will lose traction
but will continue to Andre
if it goes wrong the locomotive will derail
and we know that today's locomotive
which also cost 2/300 €
see me a € 200 locomotive
derail and maybe something breaks
it's not nice at all.
So preparing a skate should be done sensibly
in the planning stage
conversions can be done
they are done
we all do them, I am the first to do them
but they require some study behind it
you can not think "ah here is some space then I put the shoe!"
otherwise anything can happen
many use a shield cart
I prefer not to use it
they are Celts
maybe on this then there will be a video apart
The track with 3 rails instead
it's much simpler electrically
the return loops are not a problem
because the right rail is the same as the left rail
make a rolling point of detection
it's very simple
because it is sufficient to electrically isolate one side of the track
and put a sensor
when the car will pass over
the completely metallic axis
will switch the current
from the track fed to the unpowered track
the sensor will hear the voltage
and he will understand that there is something that closes the circuit
then the track is busy
design a model with 3 rails
in some ways it's easier
that design a model with 2 rails
however the 2 rails is much more widespread
for the reasons listed above
aesthetic, realistic
and also for fame
especially because
from the beginning
the 2-rail track was a standard adopted by everyone
the 3 rails instead only from Märklin
in fact, even in America it is used, and not just Märklin
but here in Europe only in Germany
It is used
even if they were born in very similar times
so there is not a true born before and born after
Märklin is from 1859
the H0 scale begins in the 30s of the 20th century
so Märklin already knew about railway modeling
then at the beginning there was the great distinction
analogue with direct current
and analog alternating current
but this is a whole other matter
today with digital
the tension is always that
and therefore only the type of track changes
Personal considerations I wanted to do
the first
the digital
it is an alternating current
to be precise, it is a square wave
so those who say
"I have a digital DC model"
NO!
your model, if it's digital
it is in alternating current
it's a semi-square wave
that for different reasons
it can be considered alternate
that's why diode bridges are used in digital
the diode bridges are born for the alternating current
the square wave being a
on, off, on, off
it is compared to the alternating wave
Another thing that, I must admit, gives me
deeply annoyed
from the purists of the 2 rails
IT IS THE SAY TO KEEP THE PANTOGRAPHS DOWN
because I understand
the 3-rail track is ugly
I agree in some ways
but I think it's much uglier
see trains on a model with the pantograph lowered
how many times you go to a fair
you go around
and see modern compositions
even in double traction if not in triple
with a catenary made very well
circulating with the pantograph lowered
Now, you can come to me to say:
"But there's a reason they do it!"
Yes, it's true
Keep the pantograph raised
involves risks
because if you get caught in the catenary the catenary breaks
break the pantograph
damage the locomotive
but at least use that solution
who adopt other modellers
to use a transparent fishing line
tie the 1mm pantograph under the catenary
in such a way that the public sees it raised
that then, if the catenary is 1mm higher
not functional and only aesthetic
the public is not interested
but the public realizes
of the lowered pantograph
in an exhibition I went to
I heard the baby next to me
say "Mom but why do they travel with the pantographs lowered? How do they take current?"
A child is aware of this "problem"
let alone a model maker
at least we try to keep it similar to the truth
On this there is a funny thing
because the models with 3 rails, for reasons unknown to me
in reality there is a reason and it is also valid ..
they almost always have raised pantographs
Because?
Because the catenary made by Märklin
it is functional
here's what's a big difference
between the philosophy 2 rails and 3 rails
the 3 rails is much more functional
it is not based too much on aesthetics
and it is also true
that the Märklin carriages
unless otherwise indicated
as well as some trix
they are in H0 scale
but not in exact H0 scale
the length indeed many times
it is 26cm
26.4
while
the same type of carriage but of another brand
it is 30.3 cm
Because?
Because, given that many household plastics
they use very tight curves
because you can not deny the right to a fan to make a model
and therefore these tight curves exist, R1 360mm
r2 420mm
very narrow
where a carriage
from 30cm
used in a curve r1
it would completely disagree
becoming aesthetically horrible
then shortening them by about 4cm
you get a much more real aesthetic effect
And there too
if you do not know it, you do not notice it
if not measuring the carriage
certainly the two measures should never be mixed
because otherwise it becomes visible
but if one has only 26cm carriages
you do not notice that they are shorter
And here's why
always following a functional philosophy
the catenary of 3-rail systems
it is normally electrified
or anyway the pantographs rest on it
because it is made in such a way
to allow this contact
another example that I can mention
is the Swiss Crocodile
the Swiss crocodile proposed by Märklin
has a completely incorrect pantograph
it is not faithful to the original prototype
Because?
Because that pantograph
it's made to work
it is not meant to be faithful to the original
the Swiss crocodile from Märklin
can go under the air network
without problems
analogous crocodile
of another brand
would have many difficulties
because the pantograph
has, due to the exact scale dimensions
the impossibility of functioning
correctly under the airline
the philosophy of the 2 rails instead is
purist of reality
carriages exactly in scale
with all the writing
it is a philosophy
which can be used on large models
At the domestic level
very little if you do not have space available
in principle therefore
all this is done by the two systems
it's wrong
because let's say it
they do not want to get the same thing
the philosophy 2 rails
he wants reality
the 3 rails philosophy
wants a little "the game"
mount a track 3 rails
on the carpet of the house
where you want the child to play
it's much more fun than editing
the 2-rail system
because the system 2 rails as soon as there is a little 'dust hangs
the 3-rail system having
many more sockets never freezes
on exchanges, how many times
if the exchange is not made perfect
the small locomotives in the 2 rails are planted
in systems 3 rails no
because all those power outlets are just made to never get stuck
another example that I can mention
it's the fact of the tracks
with ballast and with all the electrical connections already made
now there are the Roco geoline
which are blocks ready
they fit together easily and the train turns
This philosophy was born years before
with C tracks from Märklin
with very simple joints
to put on the carpet and see the child play
where is it
if an animal arrives and pulls a paw to a rolling stock
nothing is happening
It is sometimes said that Märklin sins in detail
it's true
but there is a reason
if I baby
I'm given this train
I play with it in front of the family
and the cat arrives
I would cry a lot more
if the cat broke me a locomotive that is worth a lot
and it's all detailed
an all-metal locomotive
if it goes badly it will scratch
I'm not defending her
because I also have different material that is not Märklin
because on some aspects I prefer the detail
In fact, I did a middle ground
I have a lot of non-Märklin material
as you can see from my videos
to use the 3-rail system
because I find it more fun
because I like electronics
I prefer to take, disassemble and make circuits
and have connections through the through-feed electric line
The 2-rail system would oblige me
or to mount the bipolar hooks
or a carriage decoder
or to have the lights always on
unless it is all the track
this limitation bothered me
The passing conduct
it's more convenient for me
they are philosophies!
modeling is still a personal thing
so you can not come to say
"ah this system is better than this one!"
Absolutely not!
They are different
They point to different aspects
and then
they must be seen and considered different.
In some ways
it's almost fun
see
at exhibitions
both different systems
because everyone points to a different aspect
as they say in these cases
The world is beautiful because it is varied
if you had to choose one or the other
there is no perfect choice
The first question is:
what do you want to play?
Do you want to play Italy?
Point to the 2-rail system!
You simplify your life!
Do you want to play Germany?
points to the 3-rail system
because you have a lot more material
Do you want to make an international system?
But use them both!
And yes, yes!
Both are used in some models
both are there as separate lines
or sometimes even with common pieces
"I have not yet figured out how they did it..."
"But good for them!"
I think I can finally end this video
that will have become very long
but in reality I wanted to have this chat
because...
I wanted to try to show both aspects
of two systems that many times
they fight each other
for trivial reasons
everyone has their own inconsistencies
and their modeling licenses
therefore we should accept both
and say "Oh how nice this is done"
"uh interesting this is done this way!"
But please...
these lowered pantographs are enough...
they are ugly...
I beg you...
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