the temperature plummeted the birds
they fell dead from the sky because of the cold
it made the storms icy it
multiplied and snowed in July the earth
was plunged into a glacial era
it was a disastrous situation but I do not know
It's about the glaciation of 15,000 years ago
years when he lived in woolly mammoths
it is a different time from the cold
cataclysmic that started only seven
centuries a period that became known as the
small ice age
some people died frozen to
early September was an event
extraordinary from the 14th to the 19th centuries
the small age of ice was primed in the
Humanity
millions of people died by the
chain reaction that unleashed the cold in
the civilization the sufferings were
spooky
[Music]
it seemed that the weather conspired to
destroy people could be repeated from
new
some of my colleagues believe that
we could fall into a period of abrupt
cooling in a matter of decades a
new glaciation would plant the caco
it is plausible that in those
conditions are used weapons
nuclear is the past a window that
shows our future
what is the raw and cold reality of the
great recent glaciation of our
history
the little ice age for the
music lovers their sound is
unmistakable
[Music]
there is nothing sweeter to the ear than
a stradivarius
[Music]
this violin is one of the 600
instruments that have survived facts
by hand three centuries ago by the artisan
italian antonio stradivari are famous
in the whole world for its exquisite
sound and yes a new theory is true
may be one of the few points
positive of the little age of ice is
the last effort to solve a
ancient mystery how he reached stradivari
the virtual perfection
there are many theories hypotheses about
the superior personal qualities of
your instruments
one is that he used a secret varnish
but the scientific analyzes have been
unable to determine anything special
about the varnish used by stradivari
another hypothesis is that he used old wood
coming from old structures like
cathedrals and castles and that wood
it was already hundreds of years old
when he rescues her for those
structures but thanks to the affectation
through the rings of wood
we know that it is not true
actually I use wood that grew in
the 17th and 18th centuries
the subject is crazy leibar that he is
coauthor of the hypothesis that can
solve the riddle he wondered if the
wood that used stradivari came from
trees that grew during the minimum
of maunder the coldest period of the
little ice age when the sun was
weaker
one day I was working on the computer
and I wondered if the stradivarius and the
minimum of maunder were from the same era
I searched the internet and in a few minutes
got the answer the stradivarius and
the minimum of maunder started with a
year of difference
Markel discovered that he could be one of the
most fortunate accidents of the
history
the consummate Italian artist was born in
1644
and the maunder minimum started in 1645
the zenith of the skill of stradivari
coincided with a brief and unusual period
climatic that produced a unique way and
denser with acoustic properties
ideals to develop your theory see
that contact with the expert in
rings of wood
henry grisino mayer from the university
tennessee
the first time the doctor contacted me
barker and I thought that since he had not been
happened to anyone before I thought that
it could be true it made a lot of sense
trees like sediment samples
of ice retain valuable data
climatic events in warmer periods
trees grow faster and they add
thicker rings in more years
fresh the growth is slower and
the rings are thinner
If the bark theory is true,
trees from the era of stradivari are
something more than information about the freezing
weather I got data from tree rings
of the Alps in Europe
then we analyze that data and here we go
discovering that in the small age of
ice and especially during the minimum
maunder the trees grew
especially space
in fact they recorded the most growth
slow of the last 500 600 or even
0.5 - 17.6 years
the wood of the trees that grow so
slowly it has a very different density
from the trees that grow fast
and you have to keep in mind that the
resonance of wood depends on the
smaller width of its rings the
width of the cells that form the
individual rings actually act
as sound chambers this would support the
hypothesis that the smaller width of the
rings contributed to the superior quality
of the sound of musical instruments
manufactured in this era
barc l grisino mayer believe that the
stradivarius owe their magic not only to the
era where the wood grew
also to the place
the trees of the Italian Alps
they were rooted in the poor soil to
high altitude conditions that encouraged
a slow and dense growth even
under a normal sun
the wood of the trunks of the trees
with which stradivari made his
violins could have properties of
higher resonance that they saw
enhanced by the maunder minimum of
but the little ice age was
crucial to help stradivari to create
Superior sound
some experts say they do not say
some of the renowned violins
they have wide tree rings and that
other craftsmen of the same time
they made mediocre violins with the
same wood
however the intriguing theory of Marx
that the tigris and not mayer has revived the
interest in one of the most riddles
important music
[Music]
but music lovers are not the
only ones that may be in debt to the
small ice age
maybe the beer drinkers and
distilled alcohol from united states
they should also be beer and
distilled beverages account for 93% of
alcoholic beverages consumed in
United States
if it were not for the little ice age
these strikers could be drinking
came instead in the history of the
preference of drinks of the
Americans dates back to the 14th century
in england and northern europe
when the little ice age lashed
the vineyards that had proliferated
during the warm medieval period
when there is when the little age came
of ice
the vines died of cold no longer
they could make wine to Europeans from
north they ran out of wine in europe
from the south although the small age was suffered
of ice because for example it
they froze the venice canals
wine production is not serious
seriously affected there was a
strong division between both cultures to
the northern Europeans did not have another
option that satisfy your desire to
alcohol with drinks made from
supplies of their damaged crops
of cereals ie with beer and
Distilled beverages emerged in the 17th century
began immigration to North America and
the immigrants did not come from the south of
europe in his house and there was no immigration
from the Mediterranean basin everything came
from the north face came English
Dutch was kosdaq came Germans
Polish and Scottish rangers rod were
peoples that had lived for 200 years
it's a wine and the culture that they brought
with him was to drink beer and
distilled drinks and tradition
continued like this
to the American settlers
I liked beer very much but also
the wine that was imported from europe
but his true passion was beer
and the distilled drinks the parents
founders of the United States typified
the preferences of the nation
thomas jefferson manufactures beer in
his farm of monticello and george
In Washington, DC:
It was the biggest whiskey distiller in
country rye
[Music]
today Americans see an average of
87 liters of beer per year and about
four liters of distilled beverages but
only 7.5 liters of wine
giri and drives 11% of the population
drinks 88 percent of the wine and
most of that free population in
both coasts but the rest of the country is
basically a brewing nation and of
distilled drinks may the small
ice age be history but its
effects have survived the centuries of
the most unsuspected ways because
we are the product of our climate
[Music]
one of the dimensions of history in
those that the little ice age
intervened most dramatically was the
war victory or defeat often
depended on the frigidity of the climate in
2001 in Vilnius the capital of Lithuania a
construction team made a
sinister find
the excavators unearthed 3,000
skeletons in what appeared to be a
Common pit
[Music]
forensics determined that the
corpses were almost 200 years old they were
soldiers of Napoleon Bonaparte victims
of one of the most military adventures
catastrophic events of history and climate
extreme of the little ice age at
long of that cold weather the climate
played a crucial role in the war
the generals knew that the elements
they could be your most formidable enemy or
his ally Napoleon learned the lesson
in the autumn of 1812 after invading Russia with
a gigantic army of 600 thousand
-Men?
although he conquered Moscow he could not destroy
to the Russian army and force to raise
give up
[Music]
three-quarters of the men of
Napoleon had died of hunger in the
Russian steppes that were already sterile
before the little ice age when
Napoleon ordered the 130,000 soldiers
survivors who withdrew from
back home
the cold weather worsened and became
in a nightmare
the temperature suddenly collapsed
reached 30 degrees below zero according to
colin kurt that was part of the state
Napoleon's biggest snow crystals
they floated in the air because the humidity
of the air was frozen and the density
of the air was such that the snowflakes
they did not float in the air while the
Marching army was like a world
dreamlike something they had never seen
before
the exhausted and starving troops
of Napoleon began to die to thousands
Many gave you sleep and died
frozen while they were sleeping
and the soldiers who survived the cold
extreme they died of hunger
[Music]
a soldier mentions in his memoirs how
he survived the campaign
it was so cold and although the horses
they kept moving they had the skin
frozen and the soldiers could
approach and cut pieces of meat to the
horses that kept pulling the
cars the horses had the whites
so cold and numb that he did not tell us
and when they started to bleed
the blood would freeze and plug
wound and the horse was still walking
40,000 soldiers half dead one
small faction of the invading army
original of 600 thousand men came to
the city of vila in the city where
There was no food
several thousand more died of hunger and
thousands more died of gangrene and typhus
in the field hospitals the
stronger soldiers
they threw from crowded houses to the most
weak so that they died frozen
before the doors the figures oscillate but
It is estimated that only about 5,000 of the
40,000 soldiers who came to bina
they left the city alive
[Music]
Napoleon was not the only invader who did not
he knew how to take the weather into account
unpredictable of the little age of ice
[Music]
in 1588 the ill-fated invincible armada
he tried to invade england the 130
ships of the war of the army were
they faced 197 English ships in the
English Channel
the army had more powerful guns
but the English had more boats
maneuverable five days after the
battle was tied
[Music]
then the English launched six
burning ships against the navy and
scattered the fleet
the army retreated but found
that the English blocked the route of
return to spain the only realistic option
what was left was to surround the islands
British and return to Spain to
launch a second invasion in 1589 in
At that time the Spaniards had only
lost six or seven ships as much
of the 130 he had was an option
completely possible but the trip of
return was a odyssey of proportions
tragic its the invincible army it
found with two strong systems of
low pressures and in the channel of the
stain
Low pressure systems can
be very extreme
the winds will be of hurricane force
they faced waves between 7 and 10
meters waves like mountains and to top
of evils the temperature collapsed and
it went below zero although it was only
early September
some men died frozen to
early September was an event
extraordinary
the tree-lined sea swept the Spaniards
the deck and threw them into the waters
frost of the North Sea a ship after
another crashed on rocky shores
from scotland and ireland
hundreds of corpses were stranded in
beaches
in total 21 thousand Spaniards died
the storm destroyed 56 ships of the
armed and most of those
they got back to Spain they were
in such bad condition that they were
dismantled to take advantage of the wood
[Music]
for england
the defeat of the invincible army was
a great triumph that is commemorated from
then, however, almost all
Spanish losses were due to the evil
time and the English know it
in one of the medals that were minted
to commemorate the victory
Queen Elizabeth II wrote the following
I blow and scatter the enemy
[Music]
two centuries later the small age of
ice would again play a key role in
the result of a historical battle
[Music]
in
almost six months after the
American colonies proclaims in their
independence his cause was about to
fail George Washington and his
battered continental army had
lost new york to British hands and
they had fled to pennsylvania
it seemed that the revolution was going to fail
washington knew that if he did not get a
dramatic victory before the end of the year
there were many chances that his
army would melt like snow in
spring in new york washington
ordered a surprise attack from the other
side of the Delaware River against the
hesse mercenaries british
trenton in new yersey but the small
ice age threatened to destroy their
chances of victory
throughout the little ice age to
unlike now the delaware river is
often frozen according to
historians the famous box of
Enmanuel Lloyd reflects the reality
wang exceptionally that image
romantic turns out to be true
at that time the Delaware River was
it was freezing it had chunks of ice floating
it's something that now almost never happens
now in that latitude never does so much
cold so that the delaware river would
freeze christmas
the luge box reflects the reality
because it represents ice as a
physical threat
some soldiers reported that they
had formed ice in the helmets of the
_Ships
it was so cold that the ice was sticking
to the castings
the result was that the ice of the river
was about to fail the
expedition the Americans took
nine long hours to cross the river
Washington believed that the delay
would ruin your strategy of surprising
to the enemy
two soldiers died frozen road
of trento
but the Christmas attack caught by
surprise the hese mercenaries and
changed the direction of independence
George Washington's troops won
the battle of Trenton because they won the
war on climate victory over
the climate provided the
Americans a feeling of
hope of possibility a sensation
that by similar sacrifice
could win that war when states
united gained its independence
the little ice age was
in its last century but it was still missing
to occur the famous year without summer
[Music]
in 1815 the little ice age was
he was in his fifth century
[Music]
James Madison was the president of
United States
the congress was preparing to
admit indiana as nineteenth
state of the nation and andrew jackson
led 4 thousand skiers to the
victory against britain in the
battle of new orleans was the culmination
of the War of 1812
[Music]
1815 also witnessed one of the
most spectacular natural disasters
of the earth in an era of activity
volcanic and some
scientists believe that caused the small
ice Age
soon the rash would occur more
powerful registered and turned upside down
an already erratic climate
causing what was known as the year
without summer began on April 5 with a
deep rumble on the island of sumbawa
in indonesia on the north coast of
Sumbawa is going the Mount Tambora Volcano
of 4 thousand 300 meters that was believed extinct
[Music]
On April 11, the Tambora Mountain exploded
the 1,100 meters from the top
of the volcano shot out towards the
sky and launched 160 cubic kilometers
from debris to the atmosphere
this is the cataclysmic eruption of
Mount saint helens of 2,500 meters
in 1980 the drum a produced 100 times
more ash we are talking about something that
makes the eruption of Mount Shengelia
in 1980 it seems like a simple firecracker in
a few moments died the 70,000
inhabitants of the island and the islands
neighbors and the figure increased to
90,000 shortly after a lot of
ash was thrown into the atmosphere at a
height well above the level where it
form the climate about 25 kilometers from
High
the explosive power of a volcano is not
what influences climate change
is the amount of sulfur that is released to the
stratosphere the sulfur dioxide gas
reacts with water vapor and forms
small drops of sulfuric acid that
reflect the sunlight and forward it to the
space by cooling the surface of the
land
months passed before the effects
of the eruption of Mount Tambora
feel about the earth's climate
the first strange sign that something
it passed in the atmosphere was the snowfall that
it occurred in the winter of 1815 to 1816
in hungary a place where they usually carry
or they noticed that the snow was brown
and it seemed very fast and in apulia to
Southern Italy where it does not usually snow fell
red snow the color level was the
peculiar result of the mixture of
drum ashes with water vapor
from the top of the Earth's atmosphere
when the summer of 1816 arrived the full
impact of the drum rash is
made feel between the unsuspecting
Europeans there are tales of a fog
dusty that floated in the sky a
day after day and a cold rain and
monotonous had the most unpleasant weather
possible but it was summer was what happened
in northern europe
in 1816 the Europeans were still
recovering from the Napoleonic wars
and they depended on agricultural resources
limited
the arctic climate swept the crops of
continent
the masses began to starve
equipment
those who survived were much more
weakened by lack of food and
diseases spread then a great
typhus outbreak that ravaged Ireland 100,000
people died of typhus and everything is
directly related to the year without
summer a very different story is
I was writing in a remote center
holiday in summer in summer
1816 percy shelley and the romantic poet
his wife Mary Shelly who was 19 years old and
his friend Lord Byron spent the summer
banks of the lake of Geneva
normally they would have done excursions
for the mountain and seizure to have fun
but that summer it was so cold and so
bad weather that could not go on the air
free and as they were writers they decided
Hold a contest to see who
wrote the story of fear more
Terrifying and hanging out
that summer Mary shelly wrote frank to
SPAIN
if you look at the book
At first the monster comes climbing
by the arctic ice and at the end of the
book 'the monster also appears in the
ice are vigilant images and that's how
how the book begins in which
mentions that the cold and bad weather
does on the outside have pushed him to
write it the icy European summer it
prolonged and unleashed hunger and epidemics
[Music]
people could not stand it anymore
in France the crowd attacked the
shipments of cereals on the way
market in england the dead of
hungry they carried signs that said
not blood and looted a city after
another in switzerland the desperate villagers
confiscated cereal shipments of
russia at the border
the European governments were not
equipped to provide the food and
the assistance that people demanded
tens of thousands of people died of
hungry
many fled Europe with the
hope to rebuild his life in america
on the other side of the Atlantic however
the icy influence of the tambora
it had also been served with ferocity
about united states in june
fourteen months after the eruption the
skies of new england turned
cold as ice temperatures
fell below zero and snowed for five
days throughout the northeast
people will be left overwhelmed normally
never snowed in June there were storms of
rain but never snow
people were impressed and
he wrote in his diaries how strange it was
the weather was still snowing
sporadically during July and August
ice was formed in the vermont lakes
30-centimeter icebergs hung from
the eaves of houses and hundreds of
freshly sheared sheep died of
cold
every cold wave destroyed hundreds of
you harvest 75 percent of the corn from
America was destroyed in all
the northeast there was a shortage of food
and the prices of agricultural products
they shot the birds fell
dead from the sky because of the cold
it was devastating for the farmers not
they could recover from it was something
unheard
people started saying that that year was
the 1810 and cold dead or the year without
summer in europe year without summer
pushed governments to develop
assistance policies in cases of
emergency in the united states served to
grow west in the summer of
1816 things were so bad in new
england that a lot of people finished
surrendering emigrated from new
england west
and I had no idea what they looked like
forced to it because a year and a half
before a volcano had entered
eruption on the other side of the world
four decades after the year without
summer around 1850 the small age of
ice ended abruptly
the dramatic change took place at
over just a decade
scientists do not agree about the
force of nature responsible for the
same way as the small ice age
started basically by reducing
the amount of radiation received by the
land of the sun ended because mid
from the 19th century the energy was increased
I received from the sun
[Music]
the little ice age term because
the number of rashes was reduced
volcanic but also by the
industrialization pollution
anthropogenic and effect gases
greenhouse
the end of the little ice age
I think it was caused by the same thing that
finished with the previous ten cycles
the natural fluctuation of the ocean
some scientists believe that force
of ocean currents
the powerful flow that carries the heat
to the northern latitudes its
theory is that the most recent cycle of
weak currents caused the small age
of ice and that cycle of currents
strongest that is still in force
finished with her
[Music]
but the forces that caused the little
Ice age are uncertain
there are still many unanswered questions
another ice age will occur
when and what devastating effects it will have
for the humanity
a recent report commissioned by the
pentagon can contain a forecast
alarming about our future
150 years have passed since the end of the
little ice age so much the weather
as humanity have transformed the
cold and agricultural world of billions of
inhabitants is now a warm planet and
industrial with more than 6,000 million
people
global temperatures are
ascending faster than in the
last thousand years according to the panel
intergovernmental change
Climate change of the United Nations
the thermometers will have gone up 5.5 degrees
at the end of the century
almost all climatologists are of
agreement that the rapid warming
current is the work of man decades of
combustion of coal gas and oil have
overloaded the atmosphere with dioxide
carbon
carbon dioxide traps heat
of the sun that would otherwise radiate
towards space causing the call
Greenhouse effect.
the consequences of the continuum
global warming are still uncertain
[Music]
many believe that temperatures more
high will trigger droughts
hurricanes could multiply because
they get the energy from the warm waters
of the sea and could increase
floods due to the rise of
sea level caused by the melting of
the polar ice caps but for
catastrophic that look like these
situations
some scientists believe that the
global warming could produce the
most disastrous effect of all an age
of ice
his theory is that the process he could
cause the little age of ice is being
repeating now they believe that the heat is
melting the arctic ice flooding the
North Atlantic freshwater what
threatens to stop the current
oceanic that heats the earth in the
that there is no paradox that the
heating can lead to cold
if we continue warming the earth like
as usual, we refresh what
enough the surface of the Atlantic
we can precipitate climate change
something that already happened during the small
ice Age
this tendency to cooling we can
consider it as a walk towards a
cliff in the fog we do not know
exactly where are we going
we do not know where the edge of the
cliff and some of my companions
believe that we could enter an era of
sudden cooling in a matter of
Decades
this recent theory assumes a new
turn on the possible consequences
of global warming but many
scientists reject it
I do not agree with the climatologists
they say that global warming
could unleash a new small age of
ice
I do not think thermohaline circulation
is going to slow down drastically in the
next century
and I also think that even if he did his
impact on the temperature of europe
western and the northern Atlantic would be
relatively modest warming
that produce the growing gases
greenhouse of the atmosphere
would more than offset any
cooling and at the end the region will
it would heat it does not cool area while the
scientific community debates the issue
another disturbing question arises
what consequences would a sharp
cooling victims on the
21st century civilization
if you look at what happened in
the last two centuries
the development of both this country and
global is related to the context
of the natural climate in which people have
used to live in other words
we all have certain expectations about
winters and summers and about what
what is the average climate
someone told me once that they are not
falls those that kill you but the change
sudden direction the process that
throw to one side or another other than
that you're used to that change in
the adaptation that causes chaos
cultural
if the little ice age has
taught something is that the changes
dramatic climatic patterns
they have incredible negative effects
about the human population
we could face conditions that
would emulate the horrors that he suffered
europe in the little ice age
if there was an ice age in the
21st century
our society dependent on the
technology mortgaged by bad resources
distributed would be as vulnerable as
the world of our ancestors
in 2003 the pentagon commissioned the
experts in the future
Peter is watts and down grandal that
predicted the possible consequences their
report is not a forecast but a
description of the worst possible situation
designed to help the leaders of the
government to formulate strategies for
overcome any future crisis
you have to evaluate the likelihood of that
situation in an order of 1 or 2 per
perc
is that kind of probability is not 10
percent and 20 and 50 is not
inevitable at all but it's a
real probability the forecast of the
future of the pentagon is based on a
real climatic incident of the past
eight thousand 200 years ago the temperature
it went down 5 degrees for a century
the sudden cooling was small
compared to that of the ice age of
15,000 years ago but more severe than the
of the little ice age and the
forecast of the pentagon begins
immersing humanity
in that same icy environment
in a single decade the nations
food and water would be left without food
vital energy for the
survival
[Music]
in Europe conflicts would arise between
neighboring countries for access to rivers
shared and oil reserves
[Music]
the cooling would result in a new
world disorder and the superpower
world would have to mobilize its
resources to try to stabilize what
that the role of the United States as
world police would be much greater
still that now in the face of conflicts
potentials would need to
transport large quantities of food
and only the united states has the ability
logistics and military to act as
police in that situation and guarantee the
order and direct the operations of
rescue from the community
International Analyst
however according to the forecast of
pentagon the united states would face
its own crisis with the prolongation of the
cold weather and dry hunger is
intensify in the neighboring countries of
south
the starving and the displaced
they would begin to migrate en masse states
UNIDOS
you have to imagine that dozens would arrive
of thousands of thousands and even
millions of refugees from the area
Caribbean and Central America but the weird
is that it could also happen backwards
that the people of the southwest of states
united they emigrated towards the south the
conditions of southwestern states
of the United States could be so bad
as to push its population to
Mexico or Central America is difficult to
predict
so the question of transparency
and popularity of our borders
It will be a very important issue
[Music]
one of the most volatile factors of the
pentagon forecast in china there is the
cold could unleash famines that
they would kill millions of people and
would deplete the energy supply of the
nation there would be a civil war in
the most populous country on earth
[Music]
at the same time the Chinese army
would threaten to invade Russia for
seize its rich gas reserves
natural
[Music]
and his navy would face the navy
American in the Persian Gulf to
access Saudi Arabian oil
[Music]
many of the effects that I describe for
china are also valid for india
and we should also take into account
Pakistan would therefore suddenly be
as a conspiracy of three powers with
nuclear weapons that would fight for the
shared access to the supply of
water food and energy
we would have all the ingredients for
a serious armed conflict
it is plausible that in those
conditions are used weapons
nuclear an ice age in the century
twenty-one could unleash is apocalyptic
chain of events
critics of the pentagon report
they call it an alarmist fantasy
others claim that it contains too many
profound issues to be ignored
if we are not prepared for that
situation the probability increases
of the conflict is what worries me the most
and I think the most important thing
doing more research because we need
understand the dynamics of change
abrupt climate
we need better data models a lot
better and more support for research and
then there needs to be a debate
aggressive between the communities
scientific and political
urgency of that priority to the
investigators seek time trial
the Swiss answers before our
Volatile climate reaches a critical threshold
and when they look to the future the only
certainty is that nothing is true
we do not know if in the north Atlantic it
will produce a great warming or
cooling the models contain
many locked up andrés the uncertainty
of the climate issue is tremendous and we
It is advisable to be much more cautious with
how we treat the climate system of
our planet
when we consider what will happen in the
future as a result of the increases
of greenhouse gas emissions
we do not really know what's going to happen
is how to hit a bell with a
very small hammer that would be the
little ice age and now we're
with a huge mallet in hand prepared
to hit the bell thinking how
the weather will be linked to a beast
furious huge and we are
whipping with a stick
the truth is that I think there's nobody
Who knows when we are going to cross is the same
and he asked me how long we will be
willing to play this game with the
climate system
how much risk are we willing to
assume
not so much the little ice age
forced civilization to cross a
threshold with devastating consequences
if the past is a prologue the storm
it awaits us on the horizon
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