hello everyone my name is Terrence Wang and I'm the co-founder for Internet of
Services Foundation the last session we have covered why stability matters in
blockchain and how layer-wise solution helped us solve the problem today we'll
cover how to scale block chains with layered 2 solution recall that layer
one solution refers to the change of base level protocol of Bitcoin or aetherium
and layer 2 solution refers to the system built outside of base level
protocols there are two solutions our crypto economic solutions before diving
into specific layer 2 solutions it's important to understand the underlying
insight that makes them possible the basic power of a public rock chain is in
crypto economic consensus by carefully aligning incentives and securing them
with software and cryptography we can create networks of computers that
reliably come to agreement about the internal state of a system this is the
key insight of Satoshi white paper which has now been applied in design of many
different public block chains including Bitcoin and ethereal crypto economic
consensus gives us a core kernel of certainty unless something extreme
happened like a 51% attack we know that on Shane operations like payments or
smart contrasts will execute as written the insight behind layer 2 solution that
we can use this core kernel of certainty as an anchor a fixed point to which we
attach additional economic mechanism the second layer of economic mechanism hank
Stanley Treaty of public park chains outwards various have interactions off
of the blockchain they can still reliably refer back to
the core kernel if necessary this layers build on top of a theorem all always
have the same guarantees as long chain operations but they can still be
sufficiently final and secure to very useful
especially when the slight decrease in fidelity
lets us perform operations much faster were with lower overhead costs crypto
economic didn't begin an end with Satoshi whitepaper it's a ballet of
techniques we're only learning to apply not just in the design of qward
protocols but in the design of second layer systems they can extend the
functionality of the underlying block chains first state channels say channels
our technique for performing transactions and other state updates our
chain however things that happen inside a state channel still remain a high
degree of security and finality if anything goes wrong we still have the
option of referring back to the hard kernel of certainty from unchanged
transactions most readers will find familiar with the idea of a payment
channel which has been around for several years I recently implemented on
Bitcoin through the Lightning Network state channel a more general form of a
payment channel they can be used not only for payments for any arbitrary
state update our brush I like changes inside a smart contract the best way to
explain how a state channel works is by looking at an example imagine that Alice
and Bob wants to play a game of chess where the winner receives wine theorem
the naive way to do this would be to create a smart contract on aetherium
that implements the rules of chess and keeps track of each player's move every
time a player wants to make a move they send a transaction to the contract one
player wins as determined by the rules a contract pays out the way inferior to
the winner this works but this is inefficient and slow Alice and Bob are
having the entire you theorem network to process their game which might be
overkill for what they need they have to pay gas costs for every time a pair
wants to make a move and they have to wait for blocks to be mined before
making the next move instead we can design a system the less
alice and bob play chess with as few unchain operations as possible Alice and
Bob will be able to update the state of game our chain while still having full
confidence that they can revert back to a theorem main chain if necessary we
call this a state channel first we create a smart
contract we call that charge um if they remain Shane they understands
the rules of chess and can identify Alice and Bob as a two-player game this
contract housewife area as the price then Alex and Bob we can play in the
game Alex creates and science of the transaction describing her first move
and a sense that you BA kua so science it sends back the sign version and keeps
a copy for himself then Bob creates and a science of transaction describing his
first move and sends it to Alice who also signs it sends it back and keeps a
copy each time they're updating the current states of the game between them
each transaction contains an ounce which simply means that we always know what
word er this moves has happened so far now this is happening on Shane Alice and
Bob are simply sending transactions to each other over the Internet
but nothing is hitting the blockchain yet however all the transactions could
be sent to the judge in other words they are very mean theorem transactions you
can picture this as two people writing a series of blockchain certified checks
back and forth to each other no money has actually been deposited we're
withdrawing from a bank but each has stack of cheques they deposit whatever
they want well Alice and Bob has done playing the
game perhaps because there is as one they can close the channel
I submit him the final state to the judge contract playing only a single
transaction fee the church ensures that this final state is signed by both
parties and waits for a period of time to ensure that no one and change the
result and then pass out the wine theorem to Alice why do we need this
challenge period where the church contracts waits imaginary instead of
sending the real final state to the judge Bob sent an old version of the
state well where he has winning ahead of Alice the judge is just a dumb contract
and so on there's no way of knowing whether this is the most
recent state were not the challenge period gives Ellis a chance to prove to
the judge contract nabob has lied about the final state of
the game if there is a more recent state and sure I have a copy of the signed
transactions and she can submit those to a judge the judge can tell that Alice's
version is more recent by checking the nas and Bob's attempt to
steal the win is rejected say channels are useful in many applications so I've
just covered what is a channel and now I will talk about some features and
limitations state channels are useful in many applications where they are a
strict improvement over doing operations unchain however is important to
understand the particular trade-offs that has been made when deciding whether
application is suitable for being channelized state channels rely on
availability if Alice lost her in another connection Styrian challenge may
be because Bob sabotaged her homes internet connections she might not be
able to respond before the challenge period ends however and it can pay
someone else to keep a copy of her state and maintain availability on her behalf
say channels are particularly useful where participants are going to be
exchanging many state updates over a long period of time this is because
there is an initial cost for creating the channel deploying in a judge
contract but once it is deployed the cost overstate update inside the channel
is extremely low state channels are best used fabrications with defined set of
participants this is because the judge contracts must always know the end and
it is that are part of a given channel we can add and remove people but it
requires a change to the contract every time state channels have strong privacy
properties because everything is happening inside the channel between
participants rather than broadcast publicly recorded on blockchain only the
opening and closing transactions must be public
see channels have instant finality meaning that the slowest both parties
science state update it can be considered final both parties have very
high guarantee that if necessary they can enforce their state unchain the
other note post a channel project free theorem is writen which is currently
focused by beauty and network of payment channels using a similar paradigm as a
lightning Network this means that rather than have to open
up a channel with a specific persons we want to transact with you can open up a
single channel with the entity connected to much larger network of channels
enabling you to make payments to anywhere else can make it through the
same internet without additional fees original to write it there are several
application specific channels I mean theorem for instance fanfare has pure
state channels for their decentralized gambling platform spank chain has been
one way payment channels for adult performers and horison games is using
state channels in their first theorem based game so we have covered state
channel the second way is plasma our August 2017
Vitalik and joseph has published the paper titled plasma at Hamas smart
contract the paper introduced a novel technique that could enable you theorem
to reach many more transactions per second and currently possible like state
channels plasma is a technique conducting option transactions we are
relying on the underlying theorem blockchain to grant a security but
plasma takes the idea in a new direction by allowing you for the creation of
child block chains attached to the main if you're in blood chain the shout block
chains in turn spawn their own child block chains who can spawn their own
block chains and so on the result is that we can perform many complex
transactions add the child chain level running in higher applications with many
thousands of users with only minimal interaction with the main theorem
blockchain a plasmid shall change and move faster and charge lower
transaction fees because our precious on it do not need to replicate it across
the entire theorem blockchain you ought to understand how plasma works let's
walk through an example of how this could be used let's imagine you are
creating a trading card game on in theory the cards will be ER c720 while
non-functional tokens just like crypto kitties but have certain features and
attributes the less users play against each other like in hearthstone these
kinds of complex operations expensive to do on Shane you can decide to use plasma
instead of your application these kinds of complex operations are expensive to
do on Shane so you decide to use plasma instead of your application first we
create a set of smart contracts on inferior main chain that serves as the
root of our plasma Cho chain the plasma route contains the basic state
transition rules of our Chow chains records hash of chow chains and service
as a kind of bridge the last users move access between the etherium main chain
and the child chain then we create our child chains the child chains can have
its own consensus algorithm in this example let's say it's use proof of
believability a simple consensus mechanism that relies on a trusted block
producers block producers analogous to miners in a proof of work system there
are the notes that receives transactions form blocks and collect transaction fees
let's keep our example simple and say that you are the only entity that is
creating blogs your company runs a few notes and that are the block chain
producers or well shall chain once the child chain is created and active the
block producer make periodic commitments to the route
contract this means there are effectively saying I commit this most
recent block in the child chain is X these commitments are recorded on chain
in plasma route as a proof of what has happened in a church chain now that
child chains ready we can create the basic
components of our trading card game the cards themselves are ERC 721 initially
created out a theorem main chain and that moved on to the child chain through
the plasma route this introduced a crucial point plasma lets us scale
interactions with blockchain based digital assets but those assets should
be created first any theorem in chain then which probably the actual game
application smart contracts on the child chain which contains all the game logic
and grows when user wants to play our game
they are only erecting with the child chain they can hold assets and buy and
trade them for either play a round of the game against each other without ever
interacting directly with the main chain because only a much smaller number of
nodes have to process transactions fees can be much lower and operations can be
much faster but how this can be safe by moving more operations off the main
chain and out to a child chain it's clear that we can perform more
operations but how secure is this our transactions happen on child chain
actually considered final after all we just described a system where a single
entity controls the blood production for each child chain isn't that centralized
can the company steal our funds or take the collective cards wherever it wants
the short answer is even a scenario where a single entity controls 100%
blocked production on Shou chain plasma give you but basic guarantee that you
can always withdraw profound and SS background to the main chain if a
blockchain producer starts acting maliciously the worst that can happen is
they force you to leave the cha-ching it's worth noting that it doesn't need
to be the case that our block producers are controlled by one entity this is
simply the extreme case in our example we can create our chains with block
production is spread among many different entities actually
decentralized in a way it's more similar to public block chains in this cases
there's less risk the block producers in her fear in a way described above so
less risk that a user would have to move their assets back to the etherium main
chain now that we've covered both their channels and plasma it's worth noting a
few points of comparison one difference is that state channels can perform
instant withdraws where all the parties in the channel consent to the withdraw
if Alice and Bob is great to close out the channel and withdraw their funds as
well as both agree to the final state they can't get their assets out of the
channel immediately this is not possible on plasma where users must always go
through over-the-top process that involves the challenge period I'd
describe it about three channels should also be less expensive per transaction
than plasma and be faster this means that will likely boost a
channel some plasma Chow chains for example the application where two users
are exchanged a series of small transactions really a state channel and
a child chain should be cheaper and faster than performing each of this
transactions I'll charge you indirectly finally it's worth noting that this is
only a partial description that leaves out many tech details plasma itself is
in very early stage if you are interesting in learning more about
current work on plasma check out with Alex recent proposal for minimum viable
plasma Shubert is the technology to help etherium turn down heavy or complex
computation of chain this makes it different from say channels and plasma
which are more useful for increase in the total transaction throughput of the
ethereum blockchain as we described in the opening section scaling is a
multi-faceted challenge that requires more the high transaction throughput
Shubert only lasts two more transactions but you will lad if he remembers camp
applications do more complex things you know whether still can be verified by
the main chain this will allow us three operations useful to the theorem
applications that are to conditionally heavy to do so unchain for instance very
reading simple payment verification from other blockchains which could let
aetherium smart contract check whether transaction has happened another chain
let's walk through an example imagine that we have some expensive computation
just like SPV proof it needs to be performed as part of the etherium
application we can't simply just do it part of a smart contract Alan Turing
main chain because there's PV proofs are far you can patiently expensive remember
it's very costly to perform any commutation on e theorem because every
node must perform operations in parallel blocks in theorem has a maximum gas
limit that says a cap on how much communication can be done by our
transactions combined in this block but I SP V proof is so conditionally
expensive they would require many multiples of the entire gas limit for
individual block even if there were only transactions inside instead you pay
somewhere else a small fee to do that computation of chain the person you paid
to do the work is hard suffer first summer pays the deposit held in smart
contract they don't give the sovereign description of the commutation they need
to come here for you ironic commutation and return the result if the result is
correct and then deposit is returned if it turns out that the Sauber did not
properly perform the computation or they cheated or just by mistake they lose
their deposit how can we tell whether the result was correct or false Shubert
use economic mechanism called verification game essentially we create
incentive for other parties our challengers to check the solvers work if
a challenger is able to prove the verification game that the solver submit
the false results then they collect the reward well the server lost the deposit
because the verification game is performed on Shane it cannot simply
compute the result which could defeat the entire purpose of the system if we
could just do computation on Shane we all
Shoob it rather we forth both Sauber and Challenger to identify this specific
solution they disagree about in fact we're back in both parties into a corner
finding the actual live code they disagree about whence that specific
operation is identified it's small enough to be actually executed by the if
you're a main chain we then execute the operation through a smart contract
Imperium which settles once for all which our parties was telling the truth
and which was lying or mistaken layer two solutions sure coming inside once we
have the hard kernel of certainty provided by a public blockchain we can
use it as an anchor for crypto economic systems they extend the usefulness of
blockchain applications now that we have surveyed some examples we can be more
specific about how there are two solutions apply this insight the
economic mechanism used by layer two solution tend to be interactive games it
worked by creating incentives for different parties to compete against
will check with each other a boxer application can assume that a
given claim is likely true because we have create a strong incentive for
another party to provide information showing to be false this systems will
help address some of the challenges involved in scaling in theorem to be a
massive global user base some actually channels and plasma we increase that
transaction throughput of the platform others like sherbet will make it
possible to conduct more complex communication as part of a smart
contract opening up new use cases this three examples represent only a small
portion of the possible design space for crypto economic scaling solutions web
not covered the word Binda in her blog shame protocols were like cosmos were
polkadot we should also expect to invent new and unexpected layer two systems
they improve an existing models were offered new trade-offs between speed
finality and overhead more important than any particular layer-2 solution is
further development of the underlying techniques and a mechanism that makes
them possible in the first place crypto economic design alright so in
today's taught we have covered there are two solutions the truth of the matter is
now the solutions provided is a silver bullet to second ability in reality each
of this will help improve signal bility incrementally combined together there is
a promising outlook for the future of blockchain scalability our iOS team
believes there's some combination of the approaches we eventually solve the issue
and allow blockchain applications to leap forward and we'll bring more
progress of scaling blockchains in future sessions thank you
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