GRIT: THE POWER OF PASSION AND PERSEVERANCE
By Angela Duckworth
Audio Produced by CONSEJOS PARA SER FELIZ
The effort counts double
Do not spend a day without reading or hearing the word talent. In all sections of the
From the Sports to the Business page,
To talent. Apparently, when someone performs a feat on which it is worth writing,
We call it instantly "extremely talented". But when we give too much
Importance to talent, we are underestimating everything else.
Several years ago I read "The Worldliness of Excellence" a study on swimmers
Of competition. The title of the article summarizes its main conclusion: achievements
The most dazzling human beings actually come from the combination of innumerable elements
Individual which are, in a certain sense, common.
Dan Chambliss, the sociologist who conducted the study, wrote: "A prodigious performance
Is actually due to the confluence of a lot of small skills or activities
Acquired or discovered that have been practiced, to become habits
And later transformed into a synthesized whole. None of these actions is anything extraordinary
Nor of superhuman, the only thing is that when they execute correctly they systematically generate
the excellence".
Although it is a mistake to assume that talent is the perfect explanation for a performance
Impressive sports, it is logical that people will commit it. "It's easy to do it
"Said Dan. Especially if we only observe elite athletes once every four years
Watching the Olympics on television rather than witnessing how they train daily. "
If talent is not enough to explain achievements, what is missing?
My theory of the psychology of achievement is based on two simple equations. Are the
following
Talent X Stress: ability
Skill X Effort: achievements
Talent is the speed with which your skills improve when you strive for it. The achievements
Are what happens when you apply the acquired skills. Of course, the opportunities
That you are introduced - for example, having a great coach or teacher, or lucky-
They are also very important and perhaps even more important than any other
Thing at the individual level. Even so, my theory I think is useful. I'll illustrate with
An example
Warren MacKenzie is a famous potter living in Minnesota. Now she's ninety-two
Years, but has been working non-stop in his craft practically all his adult life.
According to MacKenzie, "a good potter makes forty or fifty pots a day. Some
Are excellent and others are mediocre or bad. " Of all the pieces, only a few
Few can be put on sale and, among those selected, only a very small
Quantity "will still be a gift for the senses after using the pieces to
Book: 872- 32
MacKenzie continues to work on the lathe every day and stroke his skill effort
As a potter has grown: "When I think of some of the vessels I modeled at
At first, I realize they were horrible. I had a hard time making the first ten thousand
Vessels, "he admitted. But from that amount I found it easier ":
Talent X effort: skill
At the same time, he increased the quantity of good quality pieces he created:
Skill X effort: achievements
Someone with twice the talent and half the effort that another person will reach
Same skill level, but in the long run will yield much less, because while the skill
Of an improved wrestler, he is also using it by molding vessels, writing books, directing
Movies, giving concerts. If what counts is the quality and quantity of these vessels,
Books, films and concerts, in this case the fighter who equates another person with
An innate talent to put more effort in the long run.
Persevere to the end
The admission process to West Point, the United States military academy,
Is at least as rigorous as that of the most select universities. Requires to have a note
Very high on the SAT (the college entrance test) or the required exam
At the end of high school. But when you apply to enter the University
You do not have to start the formalities in the junior year of high school or
Get the endorsement of a congressman, a senator or the vice president of the United States.
Neither should you overcome with superlative results a hard physical test.
Every year, in the penultimate course of the institute, more than fourteen thousand applicants
Begin the admission process. Of this number, only four thousand will get
The endorsement they need. Just over half of applicants - about two thousand five hundred -
Will overcome the harsh academic and physical tests of West Point, and this group
Select only one thousand two hundred will be admitted as cadets.
And yet, one in five cadets will leave West Point before graduation.
Most shocking is that, historically, a large number of dropouts occur in the
First summer, during an intense seven-week training program called
Beast Barracks. Or simply "Beast".
Why someone who spends two years trying to enter a study center leaves
During the first two months?
Who gets beat Beast?
In 2004, two years after graduating in Psychology, I decided to answer this question,
Though for decades the US military has been wondering the same. Several
Generations of psychologists were dedicated to solving the problem of wear, but none
Was able to affirm with absolute certainty why some of the most promising cadets
Systematically abandoned the academy in the early months.
Shortly after I learned what the Beast was like, I went to see his office at Mike Matthews,
A military psychologist who has spent years teaching at West Point. Mike explained to me that
The processors of admission calculate for each applicant the Total Score
Of the Candidate: the weighted average of the SAT grade or the required test upon completion
Secondary education, of the position in which it was depending on the quantity
Of students in their class who finished high school, the assessment made by experts on
Its leadership and performance potential based on the objective indicators of a
Fitness.
The Total Candidate Score is the most important factor for admission to West
Point and, however, does not faithfully predict who will graduate. In fact, the
Cadets with the highest Total Candidate Score tend to leave West Point at
The same as those who take the lowest. And for this reason Mike was willing
To open the doors.
What struck Mike most was that living up to the situation had nothing
What to do with talent. Those who left the military career seldom did it for
Lack of skills. The most important thing not to throw in the towel was the attitude of "no
Never give up".
At that time it was not just Mike Matthews who told me how important it was
The attitude of persevering before a challenge. As a graduate student I was just starting out
To see the scope of the psychology of success, I interviewed leaders of the world of
Business, art, athletics, journalism, university, medicine and law.
Who stands out in your profession? As they are? What do you think they are special about?
Whatever the field, the great triumphers were fortunate and talented.
But the success story does not end here. Many of the people I talked to
I could also tell stories of young promises that, to everyone's surprise, surrendered
Or lost interest before they could manifest their potential. The combination of passion and
Perseverance was what distinguished the great achievers. In other words, they had
Grit. (Grit, English word equivalent to passion and perseverance towards long-term goals
Term
Throughout my research at West Point I wondered to myself: how could
Measure something so intangible? Something that military psychologists have been unable to measure during
Decades. Something that some of the winners I had interviewed told me that
They recognized with the naked eye, even if they did not know how to measure it.
I consulted the notes taken in my interviews. And I began to write a series of questions
Which reflected, sometimes literally, the descriptions of what it meant to them
Have grit
Half of the questions were linked to perseverance.
They raised the extent to which one agreed with statements such as "I have overcome
Setbacks to win a major challenge "and" I finish everything I start. "
The other half had to do with passion. They asked: "Do your interests change from
One year for another? "And" Have you been obsessed with a certain idea or project that you have left
To interest you soon? ".
What came out of these questions was the Grit Scale, a test that when answered with sincerity
Assess how far we approach life with grit.
In July 2004, on the second day of Beast, 1218 West Point cadets were subjected to
Test of the Grit Scale. By the end of the last day of Beast, 71 cadets had
Already left the academy. Grit turned out to be an astonishingly reliable predictor
Of those who would persevere to the end and of those who would surrender. The next year
I returned to West Point for the same study and the results were equivalent.
What was then the most important thing to overcome the Beast?
Certainly, it was not the SAT grade, the high school grades, the leadership experience
Nor athletic abilities. Nor the Total Candidate Score.
It was not talent.
The most important thing was the grit.
How much scream do you have?
How passionate and persevering are you? Below you will find the
Grit created for the study I did at West Point. I have also used it in others
Studies that have corroborated its validity.
Observe each sentence and punctuate each with the numbers 1, 2 3, 4 or 5; Representing
The number 1 of the most accepted "It is very much like me", and the 5 representing
The least acceptance of the phrase "It does not look anything like me".
Do not over-think the questions. Simply ask yourself how you are in comparison -no
Only with your co-workers, friends or family - but with the "majority of
people".
Grit scale - phrases
1 - New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from previous ones.
2 - Setbacks do not discourage me. I do not give up easily.
3 - I usually set a goal, but later I decide to go for a different one.
4 - I am very hardworking. 5 - I have trouble staying focused on a project
Which takes me more than several months to complete. 6 - I finish everything I start.
7 - My interests change from one year to another.
8 - I am diligent, I never give up. 9 - I have been obsessed with a certain
Idea or project for a season and then stopped interesting me
10 - I have overcome setbacks to overcome a major challenge
To calculate your total grit score, add the points in the boxes and divide the
Number between 10. The maximum score of this scale is 5 (a high grit) and the highest
Low possible is 1 (without grit).
Keep in mind that your score is a reflection of how you look now. The grit you have
At this point in your life may be different from the one you had when you were younger. Y
If you re-do the Grit Scale test later, you may get a score
Different As we shall see later, there are many reasons to believe that grit can
Change
Overall, my research reveals that the psychological qualities that models
Consumed of the grit have in common are four.
First interest arises. Each person with passion and perseverance that I have studied can
Pointing out aspects of his work that he likes less than others, and most have to endure
At least one or two tasks that you dislike. However, their work usually
Captivates and seems important to them.
Then comes the ability to practice. Having discovered a particular area
And feel interest in it, dedicate themselves in body and soul to practice the ability to
Get to dominate, no matter what. The grit consists in not indulging in complacency.
Third, the purpose appears. His passion increases as he is convinced that
Your job is important. For a few, the sense of purpose arises quickly,
But for many the motivation to serve others increases after acquiring
An interest and practice in a disciplined way for years.
And, last but not least, hope arises. Hope is to be
To the height of perseverance. From the beginning to the end, it is extremely important
Learn to move on even when things get tough.
The four psychological qualities of grit-interest, practice, purpose
And hope - are not gifts that you have or do not and period, but can be developed.
If you want to know how to get it, keep watching.
Intertest
"Do what you are passionate about" is a popular phrase with which they usually start the talks.
I have checked it by myself when I heard it in my student days or pronounce it
As a teacher on many occasions. Why is it so important to dedicate yourself to what
Do you really love in life?
In the last decade the scientists who have studied the interest came to an answer
Definitive First, the research reveals that we feel much more satisfied
When we work on something that matches our personal interests. Is the conclusion
Of a meta-analysis carried out with information from almost one hundred different studies that
Collectively to working adults of virtually any conceivable profession. For example,
People who enjoy interacting with people are not happy if they have to work
Alone in front of a computer the whole day, and they will feel better dedicating themselves to something else,
Such as sales or teaching.
Secondly, when we work, we surrender more. It is the conclusion of another meta-analysis
Of sixty studies carried out over the last sixty years. The employees
With an occupation related to their personal interests render more, are more helpful with their
Companions and keep the work longer.
It is certainly true that you will not get a job where you like everything you do. And there are
Many people in the world who can not afford to choose between a great diversity
Of work. Like it or not, there are very real limitations on the possibilities that
We have to earn a living.
However, as William James predicted a century ago, these new scientific findings
Confirm the wise opening words of a graduation speech: the "decisive"
To foresee how good it will go in any activity depends on "desire and passion,
Of the intensity of our interest ... ".
Having said that, I do not think that most young people will have to be encouraged to devote themselves
To what they like. Most would do just this ... if he knew what he liked.
When I started interviewing people with a loud grit, I assumed everyone would have stories
About the unique moment in which they suddenly discovered what their vocation was. But,
In fact, they told me that they spent years exploring various interests and that it was not
Until after a time when they realized that the one they would end up dedicating
His waking hours were his true vocation.
My colleague Barry Schwartz has been advising distressed young adults for a long time.
Longer than me. He has been teaching psychology for 45 years.
Of Swarthmore.
Barry believes that what prevents many young people from becoming seriously interested in a career
Are his unrealistic expectations. "It's the same problem that many young people have
To find a mate, "he observed. They look for a very attractive and ready person who is
Friendly, empathic, considerate and funny ... They are obsessed with perfection. "
The passion for your work is a bit like a discovery, followed by a lot of development
And a lifetime of deepening.
In reviewing one study after another on a large scale, I have discovered that the greater
Is the grit of a person, less changes in his career usually do.
Instead, we all know people who head up to a new project, develop it
With a vigorous interest and, at three, four or five years, he changes it by another totally
different. Although there is nothing wrong with having various hobbies, having countless appointments
With new occupations without ever opting for one is not too advisable to say.
In fact, it is normal to feel a certain weariness after dedicating ourselves to the same thing during
a time. To all human beings, even from childhood, we like to put aside
The known to discover other new and surprising things.
Although it is common to get fed up with things after a while, it is not inevitable.
The secret is that beginners see the new in one way and the experts in another.
For the beginner, the new is anything he does not know.
For the expert, the new is the nuances.
Take, for example, modern art. Many pieces that a novice finds similar
Are very different for an expert. Rookies do not have the necessary background knowledge.
They see only colors and shapes. They are not sure what they mean. But the expert
In art he has enormous knowledge in comparison. Has developed a sensitivity
For the details that the rest did not even perceive.
So, if what you want is to dedicate yourself to what you are passionate about, but you still do not know what
Is, the first step to achieve this is to discover it.
Ask yourself a few simple questions. "What do I like to think?" "In what way?
Like to use the time? ". If you find it difficult to answer these questions, try to remember
Your time as a teenager, the stage of life in which we usually start to interest
For something.
As soon as you have some idea of what it is, stimulate your nascent interests. Do it
Carrying out something in the world. I advise the young people who have finished high school
And who ask me, writhing their hands of anguish at what they can dedicate themselves to: "Experiment!
Proof! That way you'll have a better chance of knowing than if you do not do anything. "
Do not forget to stimulate your interests over and over again. Find a way to stir them up.
And be patient. Developing an interest takes time. Keep asking questions
And let the answers lead you to other questions. Keep going. Search for other
People who share your interests. Turn to a stimulating mentor.
And if you've been doing what you like for several years and you still do not know if it's true
It is your passion, try to deepen your interests. Because your brain likes the new, you can
Feel tempted to leave it for another new activity and perhaps be the wiser. Nevertheless,
If you want to dedicate yourself to something many years, find the way to enjoy the nuances
That only a real expert knows how to appreciate. "The old in the new is what calls us
The attention, "said William J ames. The old seen in a slightly different light. "
Practice
Deliberate practice and flow are not antagonistic experiences in experts. The practice
Deliberate planning; Instead, the state of flow is spontaneous. The practice
Deliberate requires working on challenges that exceed one's abilities, while
The flow arises when the challenge is at the height of one's own abilities. People with more
Grit makes more deliberate practice and more often enters a state of flow.
We could say that the deliberate practice is for the preparation, and the flow for the
Action
Aside from getting a coach, mentor or exceptional teacher, how can you give
The best of you with the deliberate practice and to enter - having earned it - in a
Flow state more often?
The basic requirements of deliberate practice are as follows:
- A clearly defined self-improvement objective.
- Absolute concentration and effort.
- Immediate and revealing information.
- A reflexive and perfectionist repetition.
But how many hours of practice do most people dedicate to these four points?
I guess a lot of people go through life without doing a single hour of deliberate practice
Up-to
Even the super-motivated ones who work to the point of exhaustion may not be performing
A deliberate practice, but simply "warming the chair." This leads me to
My second suggestion to get all the juice out of deliberate practice: make it
In a habit.
I mean, find out when and where you feel most comfortable doing it. As soon as
You know, run it at that hour every day. Why? Because routines are a gift
Of heaven when it comes to carrying out something difficult. You just do it. "There is not
More unhappy human being, "William James observed, than he who must decide again
Every day "how each small part of their work will begin".
My third suggestion to make the most of deliberate practice is to change
The way to experience it. It is about being aware of the moment without judging. To give up
Of the judgments that prevent you from enjoying the challenge. You will make one mistake after another, a mistake
After another, because you are facing challenges that exceed your abilities and that requires a great concentration,
Observe the information received and much learning. The important thing is not to feel
Tormented by trying to do what you still do not know how to do.
I do not know if you will get that deliberate practice to excite you like flowing; However i think
That you can say to yourself and to others: "It has been hard! But I've been through
phenomenal!".
Purpose
When I talk to people with a lot of grit and they tell me that what they are pursuing has a purpose,
Sometimes refer to someone in particular ("my children, my patients", "my students")
And others, to something abstract ("this country", "sport", "science", "the
society"). But express it as you put it, the message is the same: the long mornings
And afternoons of hard work, setbacks, disappointments, struggles and sacrifices ... everything
This has been worthwhile because in the end their efforts have benefited others.
The purpose is important, but to what extent is it compared to other priorities
in the life?
Humans seek pleasure because, in general, what gives us pleasure is that
Which increases our chances of survival. If our ancestors had not longed for
Food and sex, for example, would not have lived too long or would not have had
Too many shoots.
On the other hand, we are social beings in the deepest sense, because the
Connecting and helping others also fosters survival. Society depends on
Stable relationships and in many ways supports us, guarece us of the
Elements and protects us from enemies. The desire to connect is a human need
As basic as the desire for pleasure.
As far as the pursuit of pleasure is concerned, people with more grit are like any
Another person: pleasure has a certain importance in your life, however grit they may have. But
The difference is that they are much more motivated than the rest to seek a
Meaningful life centered on others. High score linked to purpose
Is related to the highest score in the Grit Scale.
Those who have a goal of the higher level so consistent with the world that gives meaning
To everything they do, no matter how small or tedious, they are very fortunate. As illustrated
The parable of the masons:
"What are they doing?" They asked three masons. "I'm building a
Brick wall, "answered the first. "I am creating a church," he said.
second. "I am raising the abode of God," answered the third.
The first bricklayer has a job. The second a race. The third is a vocation. To much
They would like to be like the third mason, but they identify with the first or the second.
I would like to point out that there is nothing "wrong" in seeing the work simply as a means
Of honest life. But most people crave something better.
Vocations have very little to do with the official description of the work. In
Actually, any occupation can be a job, a career or a vocation.
What counts is whether we believe that building brick walls is simply necessary,
A career with a future or a job that will connect us with something more important than us
Themselves. The way of seeing our work is more important than the definition of the occupation
per se.
Research by Adam Grant, my colleague and professor at the Wharton School of Business,
Shows that bosses and employees who take into account both their personal interests
As their prosocial interests (both at once), things are going to be better in the long run
Than those who have a purely selfish motivation.
For example, Adam asked a group of municipal firefighters: "What motivates you
To do your job? " Then he figured out the overtime they were doing during
The next two months, hoping that those most motivated to help people demonstrate
Have more grit than the rest. But many of those motivated to help people did
Less overtime. Why?
He had overlooked a second motivation: to be attracted to work. Only when
They enjoyed with their work the desire to help others made them try harder. In
Reality, firefighters who claimed to have a prosocial motivation ("Because I want to
Helping others with my work ") and an intrinsic interest in their work (" Why
I like ") used to do more than 50 percent of extra hours a week
Than the rest.
Be as old as you are, it is never too early or too late to start cultivating
A sense of purpose in life. I have three suggestions for this:
1. Reflect on how the work you do can contribute positively
To the progress of society.
2. Think of how, in small but important ways, you can change the work you do
To improve the relationship you have with your core values.
3. Find inspiration in a behavior model that has a purpose in the
lifetime. Can you think of someone whose life inspires you to be a better person? Who?
Why?
Hope
What is hope?
I have the feeling that "Tomorrow will be another day is different from" I am decided
Tomorrow things will go better for me. " The hope of people with grit does not have
Nothing to do with luck and yes everything with rising again from the ground.
In 1964, Marty Seligman and Steve Maier performed a series of experiments that were the beginning
Of studies that show that it is not suffering that leads to hopelessness,
But the suffering that we believe we can not control.
Optimistic people experience the same negative situations as pessimists. But they interpret them
In a different way: the optimists, in general, try to discover the temporal causes and
Of their suffering; On the other hand, pessimists attribute it to permanent causes
And omnipresent.
Permanent and omnipresent explanations for adversity transform small
Complications in major catastrophes. They make it seem logical to surrender. But if you are
An optimist, you may say, "I have not organized my time well" or "I have not worked well
Because of distractions. " These explanations are temporary and concrete, and being "solvable"
They motivate you to remove these problems from above.
I like to interpret the growth mentality of people with grit of this
Form: some people believe, deep down, that we can change. Having a mentality
That, for example, we can become smarter if we
The necessary opportunities and support, if we strive hard enough and if we believe
To do it.
Instead, others believe that we can learn skills, such as cycling or expressing
A good commercial argument, but that our ability to learn - our talent -
Can not be improved. The problem of this fixed mentality - and many people who consider themselves
Talented people have it - there is no path without bumps. At the end we will run into one.
At that time a fixed mentality is a huge disadvantage. It is when a suspense,
A rejection letter, a disappointing report on progress made at work
Or any other setback sinks us.
I really believe that we all create in our minds theories about ourselves and the
World, and that this determines what we do.
At the same time, it can not be denied that what does not kill us sometimes weakens us more
yet. The most pressing question is "When?". When does a difficulty lead to hope
And when, to despair? Scientific research clearly reveals that living
A trauma without being able to control the situation is debilitating, especially if it happens to ages
Early But I am also concerned about people who go through life without suffering
Minor setbacks for a long time, until they suddenly face their first failure.
They barely have practice falling on the ground and getting up again. They have many reasons
To acquire a fixed mentality.
I see many bright students with a vulnerability, which is not appreciated simply
Sight, lose balance and try to get up again. I call them the "perfect fragile."
Sometimes I meet them in my office after a midterm or exam
final. It immediately becomes clear that these students are so brilliant and wonderful
They know how to succeed, but they do not know how to fail.
In conclusion
In this book I talked about the power of grit to help you develop your potential.
I have written it because what we achieve in the marathon of life will depend greatly
Of our grit: of our passion and perseverance towards long-term goals. Obsessions
With talent we are prevented from seeing this simple truth. I would like to conclude with the idea
That your grit can increase.
I see two ways of getting it. One is to do it for yourself, "from the inside out,"
In cultivating your interests. Get in the habit of challenging yourself every day to excel
In some skill. You can link your work with a purpose that goes beyond you.
And learn to hope when the situation seems hopeless.
And the other is to increase your grit "from outside in", with the help of parents,
Coaches, teachers, bosses, mentors, friends ... To develop your
Grit is essential the help of other people. If I am surrounded by people who write
Articles, give lectures and work hard, I usually imitate them. If I'm surrounded by a lot
Of people who do things in a certain way, I do it too.
The impulse to fit-to integrate into the group-is very powerful. Some of the
The most important experiments in psychology in history have shown how quickly
Which an individual shapes, often without warning, to a group that acts or thinks
In different ways than he. If you are surrounded by people with grit, you act with more grit.
I am often asked if when we encourage grit in our children we are not doing them
A disservice by expecting too much from them. "Be careful, Dr. Duckworth, or our
Children will grow up believing that they can be a Usain Bolt, a Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or a
Albert Einstein".
If we can not be an Einstein, is it worth studying physics? If we can not be a Usain
Bolt, should we go jogging this morning? Does it make any sense to run a
Little faster or for a little more time than we ran yesterday? In my opinion,
Are absurd questions. If my daughter told me, "Mom, today I should not touch the
Piano because I will never become a Mozart, "he would respond:" You're not playing for
Be a Mozart ".
We all face limits not only in terms of talent, but also
To opportunities. But more often than we believe, we ourselves are the
That we put them. We tried something, we failed and we conclude that we have given a headbutt
Against the ceiling of possibilities. Or maybe after taking a few steps, we changed
of direction. In any case, we never venture to go as far as
We could have gone.
To have grit is to continue taking one step after another. Persevere in an interesting and fulfilling goal
Of meaning. It is to dedicate ourselves, day after day and year after year, to a practice that
a challenge. It is to fall to the ground seven times and raise us eight.
Recently a journalist interviewed me. While collecting his notes, he commented: "It is
You could have kept talking all day. This topic delights you. " "Wow!
Is there anything more important than this? "I replied. The journalist giggled.
"I love what I do, too," he said. I know a lot of people that at forty
Still nothing attracts them in life. Sounds like a lie, does not it? They do not know what they are missing. "
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