Valeria Radyk's workshop "The Magic World of Handmade Creativity"
Hello! With you Valeria, welcome to my magical world of creativity!
We decorate the cutting board
apply the technique of "False marble"
burn pouches invented by my mother Pushkarskaya-Platko Lyudmila back in 2014
links to the master classes on this technique are in the description under the video,
And the tooltip will appear in the upper right corner of the screen.
Materials: cutting board,
napkin for decoupage,
acrylic paints (white, brown, bronze),
sponge, paint brush and varnish, acrylic lacquer,
scissors sandpaper, you can use paper tape.
Let's get to work:
Apply white acrylic paint or primer:
The edges are gently colored with a brush. Excess paint wipe with a wet rag:
We use acrylic lacquer, you can apply glue for decoupage:
Cut the edge smoothly:
In places of bending and at the corners, tea bags are broken:
To paint neatly, you can apply a scotch tape
Sponge we apply a brown paint on the edge of the dense, and from above weaker:
Bronze paint is applied a little:
Excess paint can be removed with fine-grained sandpaper:
We apply several layers of varnish. Each layer must be completely dry before applying the next layer.
It is better to cover with varnish for yachts or varnish for baths and saunas.
But you can apply and acrylic lacquer.
We cover only the decorative side.
Do not cover the working surface with varnish!
The work is ready!
I will be happy if my master class is pleasant to you, and will also benefit! :)
I wish all subscribers and guests a channel of creative inspiration
and all the most beautiful and beautiful! Until we meet again!
For more infomation >> Декор разделочной доски. Мастер-класс/Decor for the cutting board. Master Class - Duration: 11:28.-------------------------------------------
França vence Argentina por 4x3 em jogo válido pelas oitavas de final - Duration: 3:47.
For more infomation >> França vence Argentina por 4x3 em jogo válido pelas oitavas de final - Duration: 3:47. -------------------------------------------
Loredana Lecciso prima e dopo la chirurgia estetica - Duration: 2:38.
For more infomation >> Loredana Lecciso prima e dopo la chirurgia estetica - Duration: 2:38. -------------------------------------------
Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 0:52.
For more infomation >> Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 0:52. -------------------------------------------
Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 1:06.
For more infomation >> Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 1:06. -------------------------------------------
Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 0:52.
For more infomation >> Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 0:52. -------------------------------------------
Arsenal manager Unai Emery 'loves' Lucas Vazquez but faces competition from Chelsea ●#AFC - Duration: 2:06.
Unai Emery 'loves' Real Madrid and Spain star Lucas Vazquez but will face competition
from Chelsea and Liverpool if he tries to bring him to Arsenal.
Spanish outlet Marca say a number of Premier League clubs have expressed interest in signing
Vazquez, who is currently in Russia competing in the World Cup.
Emery has made two signings since replacing Arsene Wenger in the Emirates hot-seat, with
goalkeeper Bernd Leno following Stephan Lichtsteiner to north London last month.
But the former Paris-Saint Germain manager is keen to make the squad his own with a few
more signings and is said to be a huge admirer of Vazquez.
Vazquez has been at Real Madrid for over a decade and played more than 50 games last
season as the club won the Champions League.
His performances have caught the attention of a number of teams, with Marca suggesting
Jurgen Klopp's Liverpool have also registered interest.
Emery is said to be a fan of Vazquez's directly style of play, but it is claimed Chelsea,
who are set to appoint Maurizio Sarri as their new manager, are also monitoring his situation
in the Spanish capital.
AC Milan have held interest in Vazquez for some time but the 26-year-old is not believed
to be interested in joining the Italian club.
For the time being, Real Madrid's talented winger is focusing on the World Cup and his
performances for Spain, who face hosts Russia in the last-16 on Sunday.
Spain finished top of Group B despite drawing to Portugal and Morocco and only narrowly
beating Iran.
-------------------------------------------
Segundo Sol: Karola arma namoro entre Valentim e Rochelle - Duration: 2:46.
For more infomation >> Segundo Sol: Karola arma namoro entre Valentim e Rochelle - Duration: 2:46. -------------------------------------------
Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 1:06.
For more infomation >> Citroën C1 1.0 e-VTi Feel - Duration: 1:06. -------------------------------------------
Globo comete gafe em Segundo Sol e coloca "Fora Temer" em cena da novela - Duration: 3:11.
For more infomation >> Globo comete gafe em Segundo Sol e coloca "Fora Temer" em cena da novela - Duration: 3:11. -------------------------------------------
Protagonista de Malhação revela que foi agredida por namorado e dá detalhes - Duration: 4:25.
For more infomation >> Protagonista de Malhação revela que foi agredida por namorado e dá detalhes - Duration: 4:25. -------------------------------------------
EPIC KOREAN KARAOKE CHALLENGE! | KOREA vs ITALY - Duration: 14:25.
Victoria's ass
Hi everybody! Welcome to this new video
you may say "why are you with Victoria?
In a dead and dark end... don't think ill"
"Pervert"
Actually, just like the man who's singing over there, damnit! What a mess
Let's go to sing, because today
we're going to have a rematch of the video we've made two years ago
about Korean karaoke challenge, that time I beat her
even today, I guess, I'll beat her
who wins, also wins the dinner, so who loses must to pay
meanwhile, let's go to karaoke
and then we'll talk about
rules and awesome things that are gonna happen
This is the entrance
of karaoke,
we can also eat...
what are you going to eat, Victoria? what's this? Salad?
V: I finish everything before I sing
I mean, we can't just sing,
all the drinks
I mean... we can't just sing
we also need...
or... what's this? electronic sigarette?
are you really going to eat salad?
at carbonara flavor but maybe... no
let's pick cheese popcorn
fake kitkat at strawberry flavor
let's go up the stairs, move.
Victoria's ass
as is Korean tradition,
we must take off our shoes
and let's enter... oh no, they gave us the one with the view
there is the loft... what's this?
here are the rules:
me and Victoria challenge each other to the last yell of chicken
the challenge is split in 4 round
the first one, is a Kpop song
the second one is a Korean ballad, the third one is a Disney song
and the last one is a song by a American diva
at the end of each round, the person who got more points
receiving 1 point, the person who got more points at the end wins the challenge and a dinner of its choice
since these days I'm obsessed with Blackpink
I'm going to sing "As if it's your last"
even though I don't know it well, but it's okay
Momoland, bboom bboom
let's begin, I'm ready
to beat you with a song that I don't even know
100...220 points...
Yeah, 92
not show me what you got, Victoria
how much?
round 2
I choose "Breathe" by Lee Hi, what about you?
"Time for the moon night" by Friend
Yeaaah, 93
if that song was a ballad I'm uncle Peppino
oh my god but what the...
we are 1 at 1, damnit! how did she win? I MEAN
guys, outside there is the concert of life
so... even though we're working hard, nobody notice us
we're 1 at 1, damnit
round 3, Disney round
what are you going to sing? V: Frozen... Let it goo ~
S: to counter I'll sing Frozen too
"For the first time in forever", just like that
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN FOREVER
V: come on, I'm singing
Victoria's wallet
V: GIVE IT BACK!
Oh my god, OOH god, what a beautiful final!
too bad,
you sucked, my love
I can't bel...
come on!
you cheated with the ass
round 4, guys. I guess we're 2 at 1, so I can catch her up
and we can became equal, and in case we'll do the tiebreaker
we chosen 2 easy songs,
me "No tear left to cry" by Ariana Grande
and you can know, if you follow me on Instagram, that I have that song in my brain these days
and she chosen a easier song "Chandelier" by Sia
Are you understand? show me what you got! and good luck!
maybe you're overstimate yourself
Oh God
Show me what you got, darling. Go, go.
I WIN
I don't know the lyrics
If she got more points than me.... I
BRAVO (GOOD)
GUYS, IS NOT POSSIBLE. THAT THINGS IS.... I MEAN....
....COME ON!!!
Good, Victoria won. So let's go to eat...
... indian carry
...awesome.
mostly... I must to pay
Victoria, look. Has arrived your
DAMNED carry
Is free. Are you happy, aren't you?
Get fat, damned!
Thanks for the dinner
- You don't have money on your card
I don't have money
Guys, keep calm. That one was the Youtube card
with your donations, that I use
for make videos for Youtube
I'm not starving
so, money for videos are over
and in case you want to make a donation, the Coffee link is down here, thank you ~
Guys, there is the 1% of battery, we need to hurry
thank for watching this video
you can follow me on Instagram and Facebook
she doesn't have neither Instagram nor Facebook... she doesn't have.... anything
Let's see in the next video! PIZZA
CARBONARA! CIAO!
Okay, stop, camera is dead
-------------------------------------------
Anticipazioni Wind Summer Festival 2018, prima puntata 5 luglio: ospiti Emma, Riki e Irama - Duration: 4:07.
For more infomation >> Anticipazioni Wind Summer Festival 2018, prima puntata 5 luglio: ospiti Emma, Riki e Irama - Duration: 4:07. -------------------------------------------
How to Make Almond Milk | ASMR - Duration: 3:06.
Homemade Almond Milk
Ingredients: 125 g almonds 1 liter of water plus more water for soaking 2 tablespoons of agave syrup vanilla
Soak the almonds for 4 hours
Rinse the almonds
Mix the almonds with one liter of water, the syrup and the vanilla
Filter the milk with a colander
The advancing pulp uses it to make cakes and biscuits
Thanks for watching !
-------------------------------------------
Fantasy di Clark Ashton Smith - Le sette fatiche 1/2 - Duration: 24:55.
For more infomation >> Fantasy di Clark Ashton Smith - Le sette fatiche 1/2 - Duration: 24:55. -------------------------------------------
Traduzioni giurate: come sono fatte? - Duration: 1:08.
For more infomation >> Traduzioni giurate: come sono fatte? - Duration: 1:08. -------------------------------------------
Flower card - Duration: 2:32.
Hello everyone, in this video I will make a greeting card.
It will serve: vinavil, glue stick, circle punch, paper lace for cakes,
colored sheets, white sheet, scalpel, scissors and quilling pen.
Below the video, attached, find all the measures I used to make the card.
Greetings to all, come back soon to see me!
-------------------------------------------
Red Velvet Cake recipe and demonstration - Duration: 10:44.
Hi everyone, welcome to my GreedyWeb channel
if you have not done so yet, subscribe to the channel and activate the bell below the video
let's start making buttermilk, not having found it because it's a bit
hard to find supermarkets we do it and we do it with:
120 grams of milk
120 g of low-fat white yogurt
and the juice of half a lemon
we combine everything in the same bowl
and mix well
now let's rest for 30 minutes, then
First we butter and flour a 20 cm pan or 2 equal pans
for safety we line the bottom with the parchment paper
we fold in two
turn the pan upside down and take the measurement from the center
if there are any imperfections
fold and cut another bit
I buttered it because it better adheres the baking paper on the bottom
let's take a piece of butter and we also butter the baking paper
we turn the oven on to 175 degrees
to make the Red Velvet Cake it takes:
275 grams of flour
a teaspoon of salt
15 grams of bitter cocoa
115 grams of butter
300 g of sugar
2 large eggs
1 teaspoon of vanilla extract
240 grams of buttermilk we have prepared first
2 teaspoons of red red dye
then under you I put the link to take this
because otherwise I will not be beautiful red
a teaspoon of vinegar
and a teaspoon of baking soda
let's start by putting the dye in the buttermilk
do not use liquid dyes, you need this, not even in powder form
because those in powder change the taste of the cake
you need two nice teaspoons full of dye
we take our bowl mix cocoa, flour and salt
first with a fork to give her one first mixed and sieve
let's start: let's put the butter in our bowl e we work with whips
add the sugar
with a fork we break the eggs
add the eggs one at a time e we work well before adding the other
with a spatula before continuing
we clean the edges of the bowl
add the teaspoon of vanilla extract
and let's mount another then butter with eggs
remove the whips and continue with a spatula
because this compound must be worked little
in fact in the description it is written to work it at low speed
by hand it is better
now we have to add the buttermilk is the flour
we will add it to three times
we start with the flour, we divide it into three
add half of the buttermilk we had prepared with the dye
the second part of the flour
all the buttermilk
it's the rest of the flour
now an important step because we have to
fix the dye to the pasta e we have to make it rise
a teaspoon of bicarbonate
and a teaspoon of white wine vinegar
being that of apples we have to put one and a half
we mix fast
we add
a quick mix to get her going everywhere
as you can see the red stands out even more
done
we do not have to mix it so much
and quickly we pour it into the buttered and floured pan
let's level well
and bring to oven to cook at 175 degrees for the time of cooking
because I have not divided the dough I do it all in one
because I have a pan of 20 cm, until the toothpick comes out clean and is cooked
see you later
here we are again with a beautiful redhead
now we have to leave it here for about fifteen minutes
on the grill to cool
and when it is completely cold, we turn it over and get it out of the pan
we wrap it in the film
and we put it in the fridge for the whole Goodnight, see you tomorrow
here we are again the next morning put in the fridge all night
wrapped in film
now we cut it first layers then let's make the cream
the crumbs do not let them eat from your daughter
because you will need them later
here we go again, we do the Frosting for the cake, it takes:
250 grams of mascarpone
250 g of Philadelphia
115 grams of powdered sugar
360 grams of whipped cream
and 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract
we put mascarpone, philadelphia and let's start assembling
add the teaspoon of vanilla extract
powdered sugar and whisk
add the cream little by little and mix
we have to divide the cream by 4
we can leave it naked so that it is see all the layers, or
as Silvia says: it feels cold and we cover it
we clean
now let's take the crumbs that we had left and we sprinkled it on the cake
it is the contrast white, red that makes beautiful
now we put it in the fridge for a few hours before serving it, then
and now we cut it
the small slice of who is it?
Silvia: mine
Me: here
Me: Do you like it?
Silvia: equal to suits and two parts. Arise
Let's have a taste of Silvia
Did you like the recipe?
Let me know in the comments
Send me the photos if you do them
and see you next time
thanks for watching
-------------------------------------------
Por Amar sin Ley | Ricardo rechaza los besos de Elena - Duration: 2:13.
For more infomation >> Por Amar sin Ley | Ricardo rechaza los besos de Elena - Duration: 2:13. -------------------------------------------
Abstract Art Painting with Masking Tape | Tago - Duration: 4:28.
Thanks for watching this video.
If you loved it remember to like this video to encourage me
Think also to click subscribe and click on the bell to receive my new videos.
If you want to go further and become an abstract painter, I have created
a DVD called Abstract painting Secrets to help you.
And best off, you can get this DVD for free!
It's in the description below the video!
See you soon ;)
-------------------------------------------
Easy Spain Visa || Requirements || Hindi/Urdu - Duration: 7:50.
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-------------------------------------------
Uruguai elimina Portugal e segue rumo às quartas de final - Duration: 3:50.
For more infomation >> Uruguai elimina Portugal e segue rumo às quartas de final - Duration: 3:50. -------------------------------------------
Декор разделочной доски. Мастер-класс/Decor for the cutting board. Master Class - Duration: 11:28.
Valeria Radyk's workshop "The Magic World of Handmade Creativity"
Hello! With you Valeria, welcome to my magical world of creativity!
We decorate the cutting board
apply the technique of "False marble"
burn pouches invented by my mother Pushkarskaya-Platko Lyudmila back in 2014
links to the master classes on this technique are in the description under the video,
And the tooltip will appear in the upper right corner of the screen.
Materials: cutting board,
napkin for decoupage,
acrylic paints (white, brown, bronze),
sponge, paint brush and varnish, acrylic lacquer,
scissors sandpaper, you can use paper tape.
Let's get to work:
Apply white acrylic paint or primer:
The edges are gently colored with a brush. Excess paint wipe with a wet rag:
We use acrylic lacquer, you can apply glue for decoupage:
Cut the edge smoothly:
In places of bending and at the corners, tea bags are broken:
To paint neatly, you can apply a scotch tape
Sponge we apply a brown paint on the edge of the dense, and from above weaker:
Bronze paint is applied a little:
Excess paint can be removed with fine-grained sandpaper:
We apply several layers of varnish. Each layer must be completely dry before applying the next layer.
It is better to cover with varnish for yachts or varnish for baths and saunas.
But you can apply and acrylic lacquer.
We cover only the decorative side.
Do not cover the working surface with varnish!
The work is ready!
I will be happy if my master class is pleasant to you, and will also benefit! :)
I wish all subscribers and guests a channel of creative inspiration
and all the most beautiful and beautiful! Until we meet again!
-------------------------------------------
França vence Argentina por 4x3 em jogo válido pelas oitavas de final - Duration: 3:47. For more infomation >> França vence Argentina por 4x3 em jogo válido pelas oitavas de final - Duration: 3:47. -------------------------------------------
(ENG SUB)IDOL ROOM UNI.T and their beauty - Duration: 4:26.
Let's move on to the next fact to check.
UNI.T members think we're prettier than other bands.
- That was from Yoonjo. - It's a fact.
[Shin Yoonjo/ fact bomber] [She can't lie or exaggerate]
[Look at that] - Yoonjo. - I printed out the article.
[Must read]
- The evidence. - Please show it to us.
When asked about their difference from other bands debuted through competitions,
ZN answered, "I think we're prettier than other girl bands".
- So chic. - Swag.
[Prevent trolling] I didn't say so.
I didn't say we're prettier than others.
I said we're pretty.
- That's the same. - Right.
I don't think it's a bad thing that you love yourselves.
It's not just about love. When I monitor our performances, members are...
- Pretty. - Right. - That's it.
- Because you love members. - Right.
I picked ZN
as the most beautiful contender during "The Unit".
[Yoonjo's pick] [Visual #1 ZN] I was shocked when I first saw her.
- Why? - Because she was so beautiful.
Don't you think so?
- Don't you think so? - Why do you ask us?
- That's personal preference. - Tell us what you thought.
- ZN was so pretty. - Everyone looks pretty.
Hyunjoo behaves so politely. Like this.
And Woohee
looks different
- when she smiles and when she's sexy. - Really?
You want to see?
You want to see?
[All of a sudden?]
- Woohee is child-like and sexy? - Nope.
- I'm natural-born sexy. - Natural-born sexy. - Natural-born sexy.
When we heard that our concept would be sexy,
[Now I can talk about it] I was really worried about it.
Because many members haven't tried it before.
When we recorded the song
and started practicing choreography,
I found each and every one of us has something special.
Euijin, what would you describe yourself?
I'm sort of powerful and sexy.
[Just powerful, not sexy] Like this? Powerful sexy.
- Never heard of that. Powerful sexy. - Powerful sexy.
What about Jiwon?
Me? I'm mature and sexy.
- Mature and sexy. - No, mature. - Mature.
- Mature and sexy. - Mature and sexy.
- I'm girlish and sexy. - Girlish and sexy.
- ZN is awkward and sexy. - I'm...
- Awkward sexy. - Awkward sexy.
[That is so true] No!
I'm new bride-like sexy.
[Agree with the new bride vibe] New bride-like sexy.
- I'm cute and sexy. - Cute and sexy.
Why do you sound like giving up?
[Forcing to have 9 different sexy] Yebin?
I'm robot-like sexy.
I've never tried sexy concept and I sometimes feel like a robot.
- You rarely tried a sexy concept. - I got a lot of feedback.
- Yoonjo? - Chic and sexy.
I'm chic and sexy.
[NC.A] - I-Can't-Be-Sexy. - Born-to-be sexy.
- Can't be. - I-Can't-Be sexy.
Let's start from powerful and sexy.
- Go out? - Strike a pose.
[No is not an option] Show your facial expressions.
Lion-like one.
Hang on. Powerful and sexy?
[Too late to take her words back] You can do it.
Powerful and sexy.
What do I do?
[Can Euijin demonstrate powerful and sexy?] Here we go.
[Steeped in anticipation]
1, 2, 3.
[Roar]
1, 2, 3.
[Hi, I'm Euijin the tiger and this is powerful and sexy]
[Embarrassed]
[Amazed]
This is powerful and sexy.
- I want to see born-to-be sexy. - What is it?
[She's been sexy ever since she was born] Born-to-be sexy.
[26 years and 7 months old] Oh no! This feels so weird.
[Keen attention] 1, 2, 3.
[Avoid eye contact]
Waah.
[Look away]
1, 2, 3.
[Born-to-be sexy] Waah.
[A big lesson "Be careful about what you say"] Waah.
[The one who brags about 9 different sexy] I'm sorry.
[Hyunjoo] - Cute and sexy. - Cute. - Oh no!
Here we go. 1, 2, 3.
[Hello. This is human emoji] So cute.
So cute.
[Not sexy, you're just cute] - Cute! - Cute.
Cute and sexy.
[Once again, I'm sorry]
-------------------------------------------
CALLING CURRYS PC WORLD & ASKING FOR A CURRY - Duration: 2:49.
Thanks for calling Curry's and PC world
G'day your through to the online sales department
*** speaking, how may I be of assistance today?
Good afternoon mate, this is Jonathan Riley speaking, how you doing?
I'm good and yourself Mr Riley?
Yeah I'm doing good
can I order a chicken vindaloo, two naan breads and a chutney please
OK this Currys and PC World the electrical store
We don't stock any food on our site
we only stock electrical items
you don't sell currys?
no we don't sell curry
But sorry what's the name of the shop again?
Currys and PC World
Currys? yeah?
-Currys and PC World -yeah so you sell Currys and PCs yeah?
No Currys and PC World, it's not for Curry it's only for electrical goods
We don't stock any food, we don't sell food
oh how comes you guys are called Currys then if you don't have Currys?
That's the name of the owner, Mr Currys
Mr Dixons?
The owner of Currys and PC World, his name was Currys?
That's correct yes
Ah man do you get like lots of confused Asians there wandering about
-definitely -really?
anything else I could assist with?
Yeah I mean maybe just let Mr. Curry's know maybe have a few curries
because that way people won't be too confused isn't it?
if they turn up they can get a fridge, free a MacBook Pro and then a
chicken vindaloo with two naan bread and a mango lassi do you see so
-A bit of both -certainly
I'll definitely bring that across
Yeah because you know what it's good marketing technique
because my name's Jonathan Riley and I do some of that marketing
stuff for Smile2jannah so you you know you could kind of get loads of asains coming in
give him a few naan bread (you know) a bit of curry and then give him a good deal
and then they leave with their stomach filled up and nice fridge on the side
and a MacBook Pro
-what do you think? -definitely
maybe put it through me because they might not take me seriously isn't it but
-thanks for your time -definitely
-Have a lovely day -Certainly
-Make sure you do -Same to you now
Make sure you make people smile and I hope you have a super duper day
Certainly yourself as well, take care for now
Thanks mate, thanks mate -Cheers -Goodbye
you
-------------------------------------------
BLACKPINK - '뚜두뚜두 (DDU-DU DDU-DU)' Vocal (Live) Cover - Duration: 0:53.
For more infomation >> BLACKPINK - '뚜두뚜두 (DDU-DU DDU-DU)' Vocal (Live) Cover - Duration: 0:53. -------------------------------------------
Improvisation around 1600 - Introduction - Duration: 23:04.
Hello and welcome to Early Music Sources.com
my name is Elam Rotem and today we'll give an introduction to improvisation around 1600.
When we talk about improvisation nowadays, we can mean different things:
from truly inventing something from scratch ex-tempore, on the spot,
up to merely adding some little ornaments to a composed piece.
Along this spectrum there are many shades of grey.
For example, how much is truly invented on the spot,
how much is based on an existing material or common progressions,
how much one has prepared in advance and so on.
All these grey situations were not defined or categorized in earlier times,
they were all referred to as simply "performing music".
Now, there are different ways to go about when discussing historical improvisation.
In this episode we will focus on the line between composition and improvisation,
or in other words, what is given versus what is actually performed.
We will go through different musical situations and see
how much musical material included in them was composed in advance,
and how much was what we nowadays refer to as improvisation.
1. Adding ornaments & diminutions upon a given part or parts
The idea is simple: the composer supplies the basic notes of the piece,
and the performer, according to his level and art, should adorn the music
with little graces as well as with more elaborated passaggi or diminutions.
The term diminutions refers to the fact that the note values,
which are typically big to begin with, are diminuted, getting smaller, faster.
This field of performance practice is by far the most rich in treatises.
The earliest treatise in the 16th century is Sylvestro Ganassi's Fontegara from 1535.
Towards the beginning of the 17th century more and more such treatises were published.
Among the prominent authors there are dalla Casa, Bassano,
Bovicelli, and Ricardo and Francesco Rognoni.
The treatises are often based on gradually learning how to fill the between different intervals.
Once the student accumulated different ways to add diminutions between the various intervals,
he could quite easily, and without deep understanding of counterpoint,
perform pieces according to the accepted performance practice,
that is, with many ornaments and diminutions.
Nowadays, these treatises are studied mainly by instrumentalists,
but they are often meant for singers.
Towards the turn of the 17th century, more and more music
was composed with diminutions written out in them.
From this point on one may wonder, depending on the context of course,
whether the composer expected more diminutions to be added,
or expected instead, like Giulio Caccini for example,
that the carefully written-out notes will be executed precisely without adding anything else.
As one could have an entire episode on this subject alone,
I'll mention briefly only three further interesting points:
1. Addition of ornaments and diminutions in ensemble.
When we think of diminutions we often think of an accompanied single virtuoso performer,
but the addition of ornaments and diminutions was expected
also in the case of a complete vocal or instrumental ensemble.
In that case, each part might have a slightly different function,
and be allowed or not allowed certain ornaments.
This is described in detail by Luigi Zenobi sometime at the end of the 16th century.
Check the link at footnote.
2. "Viola Bastarda".
In the case of the performance of instrumental solistic diminutions,
one is free of many of the limitations included in an ensemble performance.
Apart from keyboard or plucked instruments that are able to play all the parts of the piece by themselves,
there is the case of other instruments with a wide range.
For example, an instrument such as a bass viol
is able to jump between different parts of the piece.
Starting with one part, then jumping to another, and so on.
This was often called "Viola Bastarda",
although the practice is not necessarily exclusive to viols.
3. Extended cadences.
Just like in the much later cadenza of the late Baroque and classical period,
there are sources from the early 17th century describing a possibility
of prolonging the penultimate step of the cadence for the execution of more diminutions.
These extended cadences were often called in treatises "cadenze per finale".
So, this was the first category: taking an existing material
and hopefully enhancing it with additional notes and ornaments in performance.
The next category would be to take a certain musical material,
and to perform it several times, but every time a bit differently - with variations.
2. Performing variations based on a given melody or a harmonic sequence
Variation pieces were very common during the 16th and 17th centuries,
and in fact, remained a common musical form more or less until today.
As its concept is so beautifully simple, it is very plausible to believe
that the surviving pieces are but an example of a common practice,
where musicians were making instrumental renditions of songs or dances,
that is, improvising, according to the needs of the moment and their technical level.
The many surviving variation pieces are mostly written for keyboard or plucked instruments,
but after the turn of the 17th century one can find also such pieces for ensembles.
In Italy the form was often called partite, "parts", or "sections" if you like
and among the popular melodies there were "la monica" and "aria di firenze".
Apart from variation pieces based on given melodies,
there are others that are based on more abstract harmonic progressions.
An early example of this practice is found in Ortiz's treatise from 1553,
where he supplies a short harmonic sequence that should be
repeated on a keyboard instrument while a melodic instrument is performing variations.
Among the more popular harmonic sequences
there are the Passamezzo, Romanesca, and Passacaglia.
An example of how these written-out variation pieces are slightly different
from how we perceive a piece nowadays
is Frescobaldi's "partite sopra l'aria della Romanesca".
It is found in two different editions of his first book of toccatas, first published in 1615.
In one edition he changed and added more variations to his Romanesca.
To change a piece that was already printed once was not a common thing to do,
and he definitely didn't change anything in his toccatas.
Variation pieces however, at least at that time, had a certain flexibility connected with them,
and it is almost certain, that if Frescobaldi were here,
and we were to ask him to play a Romanesca for us,
it would be a colorful mixture of ex-tempore improvisation
and composed, or semi-composed things he had in his fingers.
In other words, the written-out Romanesca of Frescobaldi,
is just one version out of many other potential versions.
Frescobaldi lovers might add,
that it is probably the most ingenious elaborated surviving setting of the Romanesca.
Another interesting point concerning variation pieces is the transition,
that took place some decades into the 17th century, between the rather abstract
repeated harmonic sequences into the literally repeated bass patterns - the basso ostinato.
A study case of that phenomena is the passacaglia sequence.
To begin with, the Passacaglia was as abstract as possible - a certain harmonic movement,
typically with a downwards walking bass but not always,
from the first degree of the mode to the fifth degree.
A great example is, again, by Frescobaldi, in his piece for voice and basso continuo
Aria di passacaglia: Cosi mi disprezzate.
Even if modulating and containing a short recit in the middle,
the passacaglia scheme is always there.
The only thing is, that despite that, the actual bass line is constantly different,
and thus, the details of the harmonic progressions are constantly varied.
If we compare this to the famous Lamento della ninfa by Claudio Monteverdi,
in one of the later works of the composer, we see a completely different concept.
Here also there is a passacaglia, but here the bass is not varied,
it is the same four notes repeated throughout the piece.
The gradual transition into literally repeating basses
allowed easier ways of improvisation in ensemble:
when the bass is constant the upper voice or voices
are able to more securely know what they are doing.
An example for such instance is found in one of the surviving manuscripts
of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea, where it's written at some point
"Si suona passacaglie", here a passacaglia is to be played, but no music is supplied.
The musicians however, surely improvised some nice passacaglia.
In England, pieces with literally repeated bass became very popular
during the seventeenth century and these were called grounds.
An important source for that is Christopher Simpson's
"The Art of Playing ex tempore upon a Ground" from 1659.
Improvising variations is fun, you should try it!
Now, let's have a look at a situation in which the player has
the bass line of a piece and he is expected to play more than only this line - basso continuo,
and later on, also partimento.
3. Realization of a given basso continuo part or partimento
When realizing a basso continuo one is expected to add further parts above a given bass.
It cannot be just anything,
it should be in agreement with the other written parts of the piece,
and thus, support the composition.
Except for short transitional moments, it is mostly not a place for too much fantasy,
as too much fantasy would most probably overshadow the written parts.
Agostino Agazzari, in one of the first treatises on basso continuo from 1607,
described how different instruments each have a different function when playing basso continuo.
For him, any instrument could play basso continuo; from keyboards to violins.
He suggested that different instruments may add small passaggi and ornaments,
but noted the danger of excessive creativity, that can lead to
"a mess and confusion; an unworthy and displeasing thing to the listener."
Also, he wrote that if there are several instruments playing together
they must "each await their turn and not create a racket all at once,
"seeing who can cry the loudest."
Notice how this warning includes a rather vivid description of an improvising ensemble.
Now, realizing a bass in order to support an existing composition is one thing,
but what if by playing new parts upon a bass it is possible to create new compositions?
In such a case, the bass line should more correctly be called partimento.
Partimenti were widely used only toward the end of the 17th century,
but their roots can be found already at the beginning of the century.
In Catholic Italy, organists had a big role in the liturgy,
and were expected to supply music in different parts of the different ceremonies,
either free or based on chant melodies, and in the necessary length according to the moment.
This was probably mainly improvised music.
One of the practices involved, as we shortly mentioned
in our episode about Gregorian chant, was the so-called alternatim practice,
where short organ versetti replaced the otherwise sung verses.
In order to aid beginner organists at least in part,
Adriano Banchieri in his book l'organo suonarino from 1605,
supplies bass lines with some special signs as a guide for beginner organists,
so they won't get lost when improvising the versetti.
Or more practically put, so they will start and finish
in the right note and will not confuse the singers.
Here, the organist is to realize this bass,
a bit like a basso continuo only that nothing is accompanied,
the realization is a piece for itself.
According to the rules of counterpoint,
the organist was free to play basically whatever he wanted above this bass,
but if we look more closely, Banchieri sometimes gave hints for a polyphonic fugal realization.
Here is my realization of this "Christe eleison "versetto
This concept, of supplying a bass line with or without figures,
with few or many hints to how it should be realized,
is the basic idea behind partimenti.
Partimenti became a standard way of teaching
harmony, counterpoint and improvisation, until the 19th century.
So, having a bass line of a piece,
we are able to either produce accompaniment in the case of basso continuo,
or produce a piece on its own in the case of partimenti.
What about if we were to get a specific melody,
and were requested to incorporate it as it is in our improvisation?
4. Performing pieces based on a given chant melody or an abstract soggetto
In our episode about Gregorian chant we mentioned the practice of "Cantare super librum",
where while a chant is sung as a cantus firmus
further voices are added to it by improvisation.
This practice is widely documented across Europe from the 15th to the 17th centuries,
both with mere reports about the practice
as well as descriptions in treatises for how it should be done.
The practice was very much varied in style.
Some only sang consonances homophonically with the cantus firmus,
while others sang more complex counterpoint with dissonances and canons.
Some reporters are astonished by the practice, like Antimo Liberti
who witnessed the papal singers in the mid 17th century,
and wrote that "listening to each of these educated singers
"while they compose on the spot upon a plainchant,
"that is, making contrapunto alla mente with noble harmony
"as if it were written down and composed in advance,
"provokes at the same time wonder and sweetness."
However, as each singer can only be sure of the cantus firmus,
and cannot know for sure what the other voices will sing,
mistakes and awkward moments were inevitable.
Thus, this practice was often considered as "not much approved by the learned",
and Nicola Vicentino wrote that he prefers
the pieces to be composed and not improvised, so to avoid errors.
Regardless the varying quality, styles, and criticism,
this practice was very prominent, and demanded that
each singer should practice and know counterpoint very well.
A procedure that is somewhat similar but is performed by a single improviser,
was one of the daily tasks of a church organist.
In many instances, he was expected to incorporate liturgical chants in his pieces;
especially in context of the alternatim, but also in other cases.
This included little versetti, that according to surviving examples
could be in different styles, but often involving imitation.
At this point, it is hard not to mention Frescobaldi once again,
with his beautiful versetti from Fiori musicali.
But the incorporation of given melodies didn't end with little versetti,
longer and more complex fantasias and ricercars
were also sometimes based on liturgical materials and improvised on the spot.
For example, in the entrance exams to become an organist
in Venice's San Marco in the 16th century, exactly such a task was given:
based on some selected Kyrie or another liturgical melody
the candidate was expected to improvise a four part fantasia,
with clear parts, "as if it were four singers performing".
Stemming from the beginning of the 16th century,
the genre of the fantasia was very popular,
both in written form but also in reports of live improvisations.
A close relative of the genre is the ricercar, also called fugue in certain areas.
In some circles ricercar and fantasia have distinct differences
but in others they are synonyms, as for example
in the case of the praised lutenist Francesco da Milano.
In any case, both the fantasia and ricercar typically include
fugal writing and sometimes very sophisticated counterpoint and varying meters.
An important treatise in general, but especially in this regard,
is Santa Maria's "Arte de Tañer Fantasia", "The Art of Playing Fantasia."
Notice that it's not "the art of composing or improvising fantasia",
the verb "playing", according to Santa Maria,
includes both composing and improvising, and not merely "executing".
A last point concerning the fantasia:
note that this kind of pieces have no text.
This is an important point, as the rules for how to set text
in vocal music in the 16th century were probably more strict than in any other period.
So, working without a text was a great way to explore
contrapuntal imitative technique in a way, that was on the one hand
advanced and comprehensive, and on the other hand,
free of the limiting requirement of setting a text.
Improvising complex fugal polyphonic pieces based on a given theme
may be considered as the height of this art,
that was definitely possessed by the great players of
keyboard and plucked instruments of the 16th and 17th century.
Let's continue to the last category of improvisation.
5. Performing free pieces with only a given mode or affect or nothing whatsoever
When a vocal piece is performed, whether in church or otherwise,
it is often necessary to have before it a little musical introduction, or "intonation",
to establish the mode of the piece, so the singers could easily find their notes.
When such a piece is required, the only given musical element is the mode
The rest is up to the player.
When these preludes were rather short they were called "intonations",
but when they were longer they were commonly called toccatas.
Here is how Praetorius defines it:
"a toccata is a prelude played by an organist when he first sits down at the keyboard,
"before he begins the motet or fugue.
"It is invented on the spot with simple individual chords and diminutions.
"Each player has his own manner of executing it."
Indeed, the countless examples of written-out toccatas
from the from the different countries and different decades
are very often filled with virtuosic diminutions.
Despite of the vast examples of written toccatas we have,
the great masters who composed them
were most probably improvising them as part of their daily duties.
We are told by a French musician visiting Rome,
that while Frescobaldi's "printed works render sufficient evidence of his skill,
"to judge his profound knowledge adequately you must hear him
"as he improvises toccatas full of refinement and admirable inventions."
In some cases, it is not the mode that is given to the improviser,
but a specific affect.
This is the case for example in the Catholic elevatione,
a part in the liturgy where the blessed sacrament is elevated by the priest.
Then, the congregation is expected to contemplate the suffering of Christ,
and this should be expressed musically with harsh musical means:
with a harsh mode, most often some mi mode,
harsh dissonances, many sharps etc.
This can be seen in many examples of written-out toccate per elevatione.
There are however instances,
where the player is not bound to anything whatsoever,
and can improvise in anyway he fancies.
This was our introduction to improvisation around 1600, we hope you enjoyed it!
Don't forget to check the special page on our website
with all the footnotes and extra information.
Feel free to comment, share, and like, and see you next time at EMS.com.
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【MUKBANG】 Gindaco's Limited Luxury Grated Daikon Ponzu & Yuzu Takoyaki! 104Balls 4.5Kg 8500kcal[CC] - Duration: 5:18.
For more infomation >> 【MUKBANG】 Gindaco's Limited Luxury Grated Daikon Ponzu & Yuzu Takoyaki! 104Balls 4.5Kg 8500kcal[CC] - Duration: 5:18. -------------------------------------------
RALLY de AFRICA / EUROPE :: Review [1998 / 2000, PS1] | Ep. 147 - Duration: 4:28.
Hey, guys!
Welcome back!
Gran Turismo can, sometimes, be really boring, so, and if you miss all the fun from Sega
Rally, here's a pretty good alternative!
And in two flavors!
Rally de Africa and Rally de Europe were both developed by Prism Arts and released exclusively
in Japan.
Just now, after a tip from a viewer of the channel, had the chance to try both of these
awesome racing games that have a slight taste of Gran Turismo mixed with Sega Rally.
Thinking of it, it really blends nicely simulation with arcadish style of driving, sliding around
corners in such a masterful manner.
Rally de Africa was released back in September of 1998 and we simply have to make our way
across the African continent, through places like Casablanca, Lake Victoria, Kilimanjaro,
Dakar and Congo.
The various game modes are Championship, Spot Entry, Two Player and Memory Battle.
In the Championship we'll start from the first available machine class,
namely the K.
And, if at the end of the competitions we have accumulated more points than our opponents,
we'll be given access to the next class and a new track will also be unlocked.
The Spot Entry mode has the same basic idea as the Championship, only this time we'll
only tackle a track.
In Two Player mode we'll simply race in a circuit against a friend.
That's it!
And finally, in Memory Battle, we'll have to face a circuit, on which only our car is present,
and if we beat the time limit imposed by the CPU we can save it on Memory Card, to compare
it with that obtained by a friend.
As you have surely understood, the Rally de Africa cars are divided into various categories:
K, A and S.
The cars of the K class are the slowest.
The A class is composed of Rally cars,
and finally those of the S class are off-road vehicles.
The basic idea of Rally de Africa is "dodging cars and bends", but, sadly, circuits are
too few and too short.
A circuit will only be tackled for two laps, and we just need to avoid all the other CPU
drivers that will do everything to not let us pass.
Practically all these thoughts and rules applies to Rally de Europe, released two years later,
in April of 2000, again, exclusively in Japan.
Only the scenery obviously changes, from African terrain to twisty European roads, with fluid
scrolling graphics with no signs of slowdowns, even when several cars appear on the screen
at the same time.
It plays identical, with pretty much the same driving feeling of Gran Turismo mixed with
Sega Rally, and, in this one, we race through Thessalia, Toulouse, Wales, Liguria and Karlstad,
offering, also, a new car class.
Sounds are decent and simply do their job, and, not being the best driving games in the
world, I only wished that I had these alternatives back in the day, 'cause, as I said, Gran
Turismo can be really frustrating at times and PlayStation 1 owners never got a
Sega Rally game.
As for Colin McRae Rally, it was the pinnacle for Sony's console in what rally games are
concerned, but, by then, I had already finished it countless times.
So, guys, hope you've enjoyed this review of a couple of games that never left Japan!
Have you already tried them?
Tell me everything down in the comments section below!
Also, don't forget to like, to share, to subscribe and to click on that bell icon so
that you're notified when my next video becomes available!
Thank you very much for watching, and…
I'll see you all in the next episode!
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Best Remixes Of Popular Songs 2018 l Mash Up Bootleg Dance Mix l Melbourne Bounce Charts - Duration: 1:47:35.
Thanks for watching! Don't forget to SUBCRIBE, Like & Share my video if you enjoy it! Have a nice day!
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HOW TO MAKE A TIME MACHINE IN MINECRAFT ! - Duration: 10:09.
Like :)
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Dua Lipa - ONE KISS // cover by // chloe - Duration: 3:07.
For more infomation >> Dua Lipa - ONE KISS // cover by // chloe - Duration: 3:07. -------------------------------------------
Prompt Announcement: July 2018 - Duration: 0:58.
It's the first of July, that means it is time for a new prompt.
And the prompt for this month is
Last Summer.
And just like last month we're adding a little challenge as well that is an optional extra
if you would like to.
And the challenge for this month is to film something outside.
That can be rather intimidating, especially if you are making something entirely on your
own but try and leave our comfort zones a little bit.
I'm nervous about this too.
[laughs].
Usual rules apply.
Keep the video below three minutes, upload it to a YouTube channel, send us the link
to it either in the comments of this video or on our twitter which is @FilmPromptSoc
and we will discuss everyone's films in a livestream at the end of the month.
The full list of rules will be down in the description.
And of course we need the date for the livestream to discuss June's videos so that is going
to be at 5pm on the 8th of July which is a Sunday.
Not doing a Saturday this time, we're gonna try Sunday and see how that goes.
Have fun making your films and hopefully I will see you on the 8th of July for the live stream
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Декор разделочной доски. Мастер-класс/Decor for the cutting board. Master Class - Duration: 11:28.Valeria Radyk's workshop "The Magic World of Handmade Creativity"
Hello! With you Valeria, welcome to my magical world of creativity!
We decorate the cutting board
apply the technique of "False marble"
burn pouches invented by my mother Pushkarskaya-Platko Lyudmila back in 2014
links to the master classes on this technique are in the description under the video,
And the tooltip will appear in the upper right corner of the screen.
Materials: cutting board,
napkin for decoupage,
acrylic paints (white, brown, bronze),
sponge, paint brush and varnish, acrylic lacquer,
scissors sandpaper, you can use paper tape.
Let's get to work:
Apply white acrylic paint or primer:
The edges are gently colored with a brush. Excess paint wipe with a wet rag:
We use acrylic lacquer, you can apply glue for decoupage:
Cut the edge smoothly:
In places of bending and at the corners, tea bags are broken:
To paint neatly, you can apply a scotch tape
Sponge we apply a brown paint on the edge of the dense, and from above weaker:
Bronze paint is applied a little:
Excess paint can be removed with fine-grained sandpaper:
We apply several layers of varnish. Each layer must be completely dry before applying the next layer.
It is better to cover with varnish for yachts or varnish for baths and saunas.
But you can apply and acrylic lacquer.
We cover only the decorative side.
Do not cover the working surface with varnish!
The work is ready!
I will be happy if my master class is pleasant to you, and will also benefit! :)
I wish all subscribers and guests a channel of creative inspiration
and all the most beautiful and beautiful! Until we meet again!
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【1 HOUR】Best Nightcore Mix 2018 ✪ Ultimate Nightcore Gaming Music Mix - Electro House & EDM - Duration: 1:02:17.
For more infomation >> 【1 HOUR】Best Nightcore Mix 2018 ✪ Ultimate Nightcore Gaming Music Mix - Electro House & EDM - Duration: 1:02:17. -------------------------------------------
Engorgement et allaitement à quoi le reconnaître et comment y remédier ? -Apasdemoa- - Duration: 11:47.
For more infomation >> Engorgement et allaitement à quoi le reconnaître et comment y remédier ? -Apasdemoa- - Duration: 11:47. -------------------------------------------
Section 48 Bar and Australian Partner Visa Applications - Duration: 5:20.
in this video I'll be talking about the section 48 bar and how it impacts
partner visa applicants if you're new to this channel and we haven't met before
my name is Oszkar Denes I am an immigration lawyer practicing here in
Queensland Australia if you want to know more about Australian immigration law if
you want to be kept updated in relation to the most recent developments and
changes I would encourage you to subscribe to this channel because I
regularly upload videos just like this one and so today I'll be talking about
section 48 of the migration Act which is also known as the section 48 bar now
even though I'll be talking about it in the context of partner visa applicants I
actually think you'll find this video helpful even if you don't actually
intend to make a partner visa application but you just want to know
more about section 48 but also whether it potentially applies to your situation
so what is section 48 well basically this section says that if you don't
currently have a substantive visa and you had a previous visa refused in
Australia then you can actually apply for another Australian visa onshore now
I'll be making three common I wanna make three comments immediately in relation
to this section the first is that obviously the purpose is that if it
prevents people from making from continuously making invalid applications
for various visas and then effectively extending their stay in Australia this
way indefinitely so that's the purpose they want to prevent this situation from
happening the second thing is keep in mind section 48 does not stop you from
going overseas and actually applying for an Australian visa while you're offshore
it only applies to onshore applications and the third thing I want to say is
that it only applies section 48 only applies to you if you don't currently
have a substantive visa so if you still have your substantive visa then this
section has no application to you so imagine let's say for example you are a
your on a student visa you applied for a different reason that application
was rejected but your old student visa is still in effect no problems section
48 doesn't apply to you and you can make another application for another
Australian visa while you are in the country now there are some exceptions to
section 48 they're very limited exceptions but there are certain types
of visas that you can still apply for even if section 48 applies to you one of
those is a partner visa there are this is not the only exception there are
other ones as well for example you could apply for potentially a medical
treatment visa or a protection visa and there are some other visas that are
potentially available but it is very varied in the number of visas that you
can apply for is actually very very limited but partner visas are certainly
one of the exceptions so if you have a previous visa application refused and
section 48 applies to you you can still make an application for a partner visa
onshore so to give you a practical example again let's say you're an
international student you applied for a skilled 189 skilled independent visa and
for some reason that visa application got rejected well if you're lucky enough
that you have an Australian spouse or an Australian de facto partner that one
option for you is to actually apply for a partner visa while you're still in the
country as opposed to leaving Australia going
overseas and effectively starting the whole process again now here is however
one important issue that you need to be aware of and I don't think a lot of
people realize this that even though section 48 allows you to make a partner
visa application there is a separate section in the legislation which states
that if you previously had a partner visa application refused in Australia
you can actually make another onshore partner visa application unless you left
the country between your previous or since your previous partner visa
application was refused so they don't allow you to make repeated partner visa
applications so this is a limitation that you need to be aware of
now if section 48 applies to you in some situations it is possible to get around
it there are other situations when scene nothing can be done and your only
choices to leave Australia and apply for a new visa while offshore it depends on
the circumstances of your case if you find yourself in this situation please
feel free to get in touch with me I've got my contact details in the
description field below you can email me you can call me I'll be happy to look at
your situation and advise about your potential solutions potential options
now then I hope this video was helpful thank you very much for watching if
you've got any questions as I said contact details in the description field
below if you've got any suggestions in relations to in relation to topics you
want to hear about in future videos please feel free to leave a comment in
the comment sections below I keep an eye out on those comments and certainly if
there is a suggestion I'll be more than happy to look at them and address them
in future videos otherwise thanks very much for watching and I'll see you next
time
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How to Make Almond Milk | ASMR - Duration: 3:06.Homemade Almond Milk
Ingredients: 125 g almonds 1 liter of water plus more water for soaking 2 tablespoons of agave syrup vanilla
Soak the almonds for 4 hours
Rinse the almonds
Mix the almonds with one liter of water, the syrup and the vanilla
Filter the milk with a colander
The advancing pulp uses it to make cakes and biscuits
Thanks for watching !
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Understanding the Progression of Ankylosing Spondylitis - Duration: 1:05.
Understanding the progression of ankylosing spondylitis
Understanding the progression of ankylosing spondylitis
Back pain is a common medical complaint
But too many people are quick to dismiss it as a natural part of Aging or just an annoying problem
Chronic back pain isn't normal and it isn't a condition. That should be left untreated. It may be a symptom of ankylosing spondylitis
This condition is a type of axial
spondyloarthritis as many as 1% of Americans or about
2.7 million adults may be affected by this family of diseases
Click through this slideshow to learn about ankylosing spondylitis. And what effects it might have on your body?
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What's The Fastest Tyre Pressure For A Road Bike? | GCN Does Science - Duration: 10:39.
- I used to think that higher tire pressure
is always faster, in fact, when I started cycling,
the only limits for me on my tire pressure
were how much weight I could bring to bear on a track pump,
and the safe limit printed on the tire wall.
Then I crashed a few times on corners in the wet,
and I realized that wasn't so smart.
But this video isn't about the risk of slipping out
or, indeed, puncture resistance, no.
We are gonna do a little experiment to see
what tire pressure is fastest on rough ground.
(bouncy music)
Lab tests do actually show that for a smooth surface,
higher tire pressure does result
in lower rolling resistance than low pressure.
But the emphasis there is on smooth surface.
Not many roads are actually totally smooth,
and on a rough road, every little bump
causes vertical movement of the bike
and the rider, which is a waste of energy.
Now consider a slightly softer tire.
That allows for some damping of the road roughness
and reduces the vertical movement of rider and bike,
makes you more efficient, brilliant.
But if we take that too far, for example,
if we go right down to one bar,
well, then you have a really soft,
sloppy tire that is definitely not quick.
So clearly there is an optimum somewhere,
and we want to try and find it.
(energetic music)
So here we have one rough, 400 meter section of road,
one bike, one power, one position,
seven different tire pressures.
I'm gonna start here and finish here,
and see which one is quickest.
(energetic music)
Now the scientific measurement of road roughness
is known as the IRI or International Roughness Index.
I wanted to quantify the road roughness for our test,
but apparently you need lasers mounted
underneath a car, and they told me
that the GCN budget wouldn't stretch to that.
So I'm just gonna quantify is as pretty darn rough.
(energetic beat music)
This is run one at 8.2 bar.
(energetic beat music)
(active music)
So one important lesson from this experiment
is that if you want to test your tire pressure
on a rough section of road, don't choose a piece of road
that gets repaired halfway through your experiment.
(active music)
Now to the results.
Well, I did see a slight decrease in time taken
for the test run with decreasing tire pressure,
i.e. lower tire pressure was actually a little bit faster.
However, there was quite a lot of scatter in the results.
And like I say, that if I did this experiment again,
I would choose a section of road,
maybe a bit longer and with a few less potholes
because I'm not sure about the consistency of my testing.
However, what I can say, is that the lower tire pressure
felt so much more comfortable on the rough road,
and I really felt like I was pedaling far more smoothly
because I wasn't bouncing up and down as much.
I'd like to emphasize that tire pressure
does depend on your body weight and the road conditions.
For example, I weigh 50 kilos, and my bike is pretty light,
so I don't need a huge amount of pressure
to resist snakebite punctures.
If you're heavier, you will need
a little more air in your tires.
(upbeat music)
Now I have to say that experiment was not
the finest I've ever designed.
And quite apart from the fact that we didn't
do enough test runs at each tire pressure
for the results to be reliable,
I'd say that the course I chose was both
too short to keep a consistent power,
and the time measured too short
to draw any reliable conclusions from.
But, I think the point still stands,
with tires, harder does not always mean faster.
So let's take a look at why.
Well, faster means lower rolling resistance.
What is rolling resistance?
(upbeat music)
Let us look at what contributes to the loss
of energy in a rotating wheel.
Try to draw a circle.
That's okay actually, for a circle.
Anyway, the main contributions to loss
of energy are: aerodynamic drag,
the weight of the tire,
flexing in the tire, and the road roughness.
Now the design and construction of the tire
have a major effect on three of these,
so the aerodynamic drag mostly depends
on the diameter of the wheel and the width
of the rim and the tire itself.
Now weight obviously varies a lot
between different kinds of tire,
and the thickness and stiffness of the tire wall
are what affects how much it flexes.
So there are big differences in rolling resistance
between brands and models of tires.
But we're not comparing different tires here,
all we want to look at is a standard tire, x,
and changing the air pressure.
So that means we can ignore the aerodynamic drag
because frankly, the difference in diameter
of the tire at different pressures is negligible.
And we're also not looking at changes in weight.
What does that leave?
It leaves tire flex and road roughness.
(upbeat music)
So let's look at tire flex first.
Now as a wheel rolls along,
the section of tire that's in contact
with the road is compressed.
That compression of the tire makes the side wall bulge out.
This bulging of the tire dissipates energy
as waste heat in the material of the tire.
And the lower your tire pressure,
the more the compression of the tire, the more the bulging,
the more the flex, the more the loss of energy.
So, higher pressure means you go faster, right?
(upbeat music)
Well not necessarily because of the road roughness.
Now when your tire hits a bump, even a tiny, tiny bump
like a piece of gravel in the tarmac,
that exerts a resistive force on the wheel.
Let's look at the force vector and break it down.
This is a close-up of our wheel rolling forward.
And we're gonna look at the bit really close
to the road, so the road
and real close-up of our wheel and tire.
Now in reality, we've got some compression
of the tire here, as we know,
and we've got a little bump here.
So the wheel is going this way, rotating this way,
and this little bump here, the force it exerts
on the tire is at a normal angle
to the tire obviously, so 90 degrees to the tire.
Now as you can see, the force that this bump,
let's call it a pebble, exerts on the wheel
is not just vertical, it's actually
at an angle to the vertical here.
And that angle depends on both the size
of your wheel and the size of the pebble,
so the bigger the pebble, the bigger that angle.
And the smaller your wheel, the bigger that angle,
which is why in mountain biking,
people often now use 29 inch wheels
because the obstacles exert less of a backwards force.
So let's break this force down.
So the vertical component of this force vector,
this bit here, the vertical bit,
that's what you feel as uncomfortable jolting on your bike.
The vertical up and down movement,
and, well, it makes you uncomfortable.
And that might well be slower because
when you're uncomfortable, it's harder to pedal.
I mean if you can imagine riding on bare rims
or a solid metal wheel, it'd be really hard
to pedal just because of the jolting.
But it's the horizontal part that we really don't want
because that horizontal force, F,
call it H for horizontal.
So clearly if any given road there is an optimum
tire pressure, something that is between too hard
and too soft, let's call it the Goldilocks tire pressure.
But how do we find out that perfect tire pressure?
Well that depends on tire width,
the total mass of you and your bicycle,
and just how rough the road really is.
And of course when you go out for a ride,
you want to ride on many different surfaces,
so you want to take a balance of the roughest
and the smoothest roads you'll be riding on.
Now there are plenty of tire pressure charts out there,
which I would encourage you to look up.
When you're looking at one of these charts of tire pressure,
remember that your weight on a bike
is not normally evenly distributed.
Most people, and most bike geometries
mean that you have about 60% of your weight
over the back wheel and only about 40% over the front wheel,
and of course it does depend on how,
your position on the bike and the geometry.
But that means you normally need to have a higher
tire pressure in your back tire than in the front tire.
Now one other thing that you clearly
have to take into consideration
is the possibility of snakebite punctures.
So clearly, if your tire is totally compressing
over every bump, and you're likely to get a snakebite
puncture, then your tire pressure is definitely too low.
Hopefully this video is at least a little bit
interesting, and it helps you to see
why harder tires, not always faster.
Perhaps you will even be inspired to design
and run your own experiment on tire pressure
to see which pressure is fastest for you.
But of course, it does depend on the road conditions.
Why not let us know in the comments
how you get on, if you run an experiment.
Give us a thumbs up if you liked it,
and if you would like to see a little bit more
about tire pressure, why not check out
Simon's excellent video about tire pressure
by clicking down here.
Quiet now, Granny's talking.
(giggles)
Right, behave yourself, all right.
I won't tell you twice, all right.
(giggles)
Magnet, so exciting.
That's how rough the road is.
Tire track pumps, always so tall.
That's almost as tall as me!
-------------------------------------------
How to write and publish first post in WordPress - Duration: 6:48.
Now in case of creating all these posts, you can see that there are two options here, you
can use this visual option here; that means you don't have to think about this HTML formatting
or those sort of things.
Or you can use the text option where you will need to modify your post with the HTML formatting
options.
[Music...]
If we use here <p> tag, we need to close this <p> tag over here; in the similar fashion
use another P tag and close it here.
You have provided an image here and you can't see all those things, all those HTML formatting
options in case of visual display.
Another paragraph...
We will be using another P tag and we will be updating this thing; as we have published
this post so now the 'save draft' option won't be here, we need to update, all the updates
those we have made over here.
And now another thing - if you want to increase the spacing between these two particular paragraphs
then use this one -  .
I am sorry, here's the tag that shouldn't be enabled.
And if we use   multiple Times...
Just update.
Now get back to your project and reload and you can see that the spacing is increased.
But in this particular case instead of  , if we use the old and good <br /> tag, then
that won't be working well.
For say we are using this <br /> tag twice and we are removing this   option, we
have updated it; now if we get back and reload we can see that there is practically no gap.
This game is practically due to usage of paragraph tag that you have used over here.
But there is no separate gap that had been created earlier in case of using this <br
/> tag.
So WordPress does not recognize <br /> tags; instead it recognizes this   option.
This is the thing that you need to remember.
Let's get back to this visual and now we are selecting everything and if we set the alignment
to align left; if we set it here into to 'text' option and we can see that a text align has
been created - text align left; instead you can use here 'justified' condition.
Get back to our project and reload.
We can see that our text is now justified.
This is the justified text but on the other hand all those things those are still now
having a left alignment here.
So we need to rectify it on.
We need to create here the paragraph with a style of text align justified.
In the similar fashion if we copy it, there it goes, another text align left- change it
to justify.
So update.
Reload and you can see that all of them are now under a justified condition.
There is absolutely no problem with it.
So you can alter your text alignment and many more things; you can add here as a style,
if you want to add a background color or if you want to add something else, that can be
done here too...
If you just select this particular lines and you can get back here; this is the toolbar
toggle option and if you click here you can see that this is the text color; and this
is the strike through option; all the formatting options are present over here.
You can make your contains certain with different kind of properties.
As an instance if we use here this text color, and if we choose this one, this orange one,
you can see now that already this color is now changed.
Update and let's get back to our post and if we now reload we can see that the color
is now changed over here.
This is the color that has been changed.
So in this way you can highlight the first lines of your post for the visitors.
And in the last case, as an instance, let's get back to our main page and we can see that
the whole thing, the whole post we have created so far is visible.
That means if you are eager to use a post that is containing 1200 words over here, then
all of them getting visible into your first page.
Now you can show more posts into your first page.
So in every cases, you need to scroll down and down and down and you can get them all
over here, right over here which is not acceptable.
You need to show your visitors a part of your content those are very important to be highlighted;
then all you need to do, click on a particular button to reach on to that particular post.
So that is why all we need to do we need to insert some 'Read More' option.
So if we just leave it up to here....
For say this large language ocean...
If we leave it up to here and if we now insert a 'Read more' tag, this is the read more tag.
So now if we update, and if we get back to our project and reload, we can see that there
is a 'read more' button or 'continue reading' and on clicking which we can practically get
back into that particular permalink that we are looking for, towards that particular post.
So this is something that we need to know in this tutorial.
Web design and development tutorial- this is the category that you have set for this
particular post and, learn from beginning, tutorial, web design web development, all
those things those things are practically being used by this post.
So these are the things that you need to remember video in each and every cases, whenever you
are creating your first post to make it SEO friendly you need to obey all those laws those
we have discussed earlier or over here.
On the other hand you need to maintain the attractive nature of your post and that is
what we are obtaining over here.
So hope you guys have liked this tutorial.
If you guys have liked this tutorial then do not hesitate to hate that red SUBSCRIBE
button down below.
Hope to see you guys in our next tutorial.
Till then, bye.
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