Youtube daily report w Jul 25 2018

Have you ever noticed that a loudspeaker is the opposite of an eardrum?

Eh, probably not.

But it's true!

See our ears work by concentrating changes in air pressure onto a small diaphragm that

will move back and forth with the pressure changes.

This vibration causes stimulation in the heary bits of the ear which your brain can, assuming

you have normal hearing ability, turn into what we perceive as sound.

A loudspeaker does the opposite--its diaphragms (the driver cones) vibrate to create pressure

changes in the air.

This vibration gets transferred to our eardrums so we can hear it.

We're sticking to simple stuff today because the rabbit hole is just too deep.

All you need to know is that things vibrate, which causes air pressure to fluctuate, which

causes our eardrums to also vibrate, which stimulates the brain so that we can perceive

that vibration as sound.

This channel started as a series exploring the history of artificial sound, and it's

been over TWO YEARS since I last touched on it at all.

Finally we're finishing this up with the introduction of

DIGITAL SOUND (emphasis added with obnoxious reverb).

Since it's been forever, let's go over a brief history of sound recording technologies.

The first device which could reproduce a sound recording was the phonograph.

Thomas Edison's invention consisted of an artificial eardrum, which would vibrate along

with changes in sound pressure, and with the aid of a collecting horn, the vibration is

transferred into this stylus, creating an up-and-down motion.

This carves a groove into a wax cylinder, and the vibrating stylus creates an imprint

of the sound wave.

The depth of that groove becomes a literal analog of the original sound vibrations.

Then, when the stylus is run over the now bumpy groove, the bumps cause the diaphragm

to vibrate in the same way as it did when it first made the bumps, and the result is

that you hear the same sound as before.

Or at least, a barely passable imitation of that sound.

(sad sounding violin music)

Commercially produced discs and cylinders were molded from master

recordings, and wouldn't wear down like the original wax cylinders.

They were played back using devices like this.

This device is called a reproducer, and for decades all phonographs were based on

simple acoustic devices like this.

For nearly a century, this is how artificial sound recording technologies worked.

Something (like this horn) would collect sound waves, and recreate them onto a physical analog.

Then, that physical analog could recreate the original sound waves when played back.

While it all started with simple acoustic devices like this phonograph, eventually improvements

were made.

The development of the electronic microphone was perhaps the most important.

Now, sound waves cause a receiving diaphragm to move a coil of wire around a magnet, and

a voltage is produced in the wire as the diaphragm moves.

This time, sound waves are recreated as a voltage coming from the microphone, and by

amplifying this voltage and sending it into a new record cutting device which moves its

cutting stylus as a function of the voltage it receives, a more accurate carving of the

sound wave could be made into a disc or cylinder.

This greatly improved the fidelity of the recorded sound, even on acoustic reproduction

devices like this.

With the proliferation of radio--which I feel I must explain is a sound transmission technology,

not sound recording.

Just so we don't get confused too much here--

the loudspeaker became a big deal.

Loudspeakers are the opposite of microphones--instead of producing a voltage as a reaction to a

sound pressure wave moving its diaphragm, a loudspeaker will move its diaphragm and

create a pressure wave as a reaction to incoming voltage.

With loudspeakers all the rage, record players could now use a phonograph cartridge, which

acts like a microphone for records.

The movement of the stylus as the groove vibrates it generates a voltage which can be amplified

to drive a loudspeaker.

This gets very meta very quickly.

An artificial ear turns sounds into voltage, and a cutting stylus turns this voltage into

a groove on a record.

Then, a playback stylus playing the record generates a voltage as the stylus vibrates.

This voltage is then amplified to drive a loudspeaker, which causes pressure changes

in the air around the loudspeaker, which your ears concentrate down to your eardrums, and

now your real eardrums are vibrating in roughly the same way that the original artificial

eardrum moved in the microphone in the first place.

Yeah.

In essence, the record becomes a way to recreate the original pattern of voltage created by

the microphone, so that the sound can be heard again in a different place

at a different time.

Let's cut out the middle bit because that's what's most confusing.

A microphone like this creates an electrical signal of fluctuating intensity based on how

its diaphragm moves.

I can just amplify that signal and send it straight into a loudspeaker, which will reproduce

the sound in real time.

Radio accomplishes this wirelessly, but the sound isn't recorded.

To capture the sound coming from the microphone to be played back later, it has to be converted

into an analog of the signal.

And that's why it's called analog recording technology.

No matter if it's a record, a cassette tape, an open reel tape, or even a wax cylinder,

the sound information is recorded "doorectly"...

Doorectly.

Doorectly?

The sound information is recorded directly onto something, which can then be used to

recreate a copy of the original sound information.

That something is an analog of the original sound waves.

Improvements in sound technology were for many years simply incremental.

Wax cylinders became shellac discs.

Shellac became vinyl.

Magnetic recording wire allowed for a reusable, electronic recording medium.

This was improved into magnetic tape, allowing for a high fidelity, versatile recording medium

enabling multi-track recording and editing.

And to improve on the noise of magnetic tape, different particle formulations were developed,

and noise reduction technologies matured.

But we were still just taking some signal from a microphone, then slapping it basically

as is onto some sort of physical medium.

And that medium was never perfect.

Poorly made tape would cause signal dropouts.

Discs would be plagued by dust and scratches, and would slowly wear down with each play.

Because the analog medium contained the sound in its physical properties, it was inherently

prone to wear, damage, and distortion.

Which of course would wear down, damage, or distort the sound recording itself.

If only there were some way to encode the sound, perhaps a way to store sound logically

rather than analogously.

Maybe if the signal weren't the sound itself, but instead were a set of instructions on

how to recreate it, we could get lossless, near-perfect sound reproduction.

And thus, digital sound was born.

The heart of uncompressed digital sound is pulse-code modulation, or PCM.

PCM's roots can be traced back to the telegraph days, but its invention as we know it today

for sound came from British Engineer Alec Reeves.

I feel I must compliment Mr. Reeves on his given name, it's excellent.

Very good.

He first devised this digital method of transmitting and receiving voice communication in 1937,

though it required extremely complex circuitry for the time.

However, PCM transmission was used during World War 2 as a way to encrypt extremely

important voice conversations, such as those between Winston Churchill

and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

This encryption system was called SIGSALY,

"SIGSALLY"?

"SIGSALIE"?

Or Project X, X System, Ciphony 1, or Green Hornet.

Anyway, Project Green Sally X System Hornet 1 was much more complicated than simple Pulse

Code Modulation, but PCM was a large part of its encryption.

So how does PCM work?

It's actually simpler than it might seem at first.

It's rather like a system for repeatedly asking what the instantaneous amplitude of

a signal is many thousands of times per second, then simply writing that down.

Let's look at a simple sine wave.

If this were to be encoded on a vinyl record, the groove of the record would start out straight

in the center, then move to the left as the signal intensity reached peak, then it would

start to move to the right, keep moving, keep moving, and then it would pull back to the

center.

When it's played back, the movement of the stylus as the walls of the groove wiggle it

back and forth will recreate this signal.

And audio tape does the same thing, except the intensity isn't recorded as a physical

movement, but as a degree of magnetization on the tape.

But with PCM, we aren't even trying to recreate the wave.

Instead, we want to quantify it and play connect-the-dots.

Let's say I want to take 20 samples of this waveform.

OK, I'll divide it up into 20 chunks.

Now I just need to define the detail I can have within each sample.

Let's put this on a scale of 0 to 15.

That's 4 bits of resolution.

Now, at each sampling point, we can take the closest value.

This sine wave can now be represented as the following string of numbers.

To get the sine wave back, we simply plot those numbers on a graph.

Then, connect the dots.

Tada! A sine…

wave?

Well, a sloppy sine wave.

But that's only because we weren't very specific.

We only took 20 samples, and each one could only be one of 16 values.

But now we know the two most crucial parts of digital sound--the sample rate and the

bit depth.

Perhaps the most common sample rate and bit depth of digital sound is 44.1 kilohertz,

16 bits.

This means that every second, 44,100 samples are taken, and each sample can be one of 65,536

values, or 2 to the power of 16.

And that's how devices like this, a Tascam DR-05, record sound.

It's looking at the voltage coming from the microphone, and taking precise measurements.

Every 44.1 thousandth of a second, it takes a voltage reading, and, well, writes it down.

It's furiously quantifying and logging the voltage it measures with 16 bits of accuracy,

and the result is a string of numbers that logically represent the shape of the sound

waves that exerted pressure on the microphone's diagram.

Pretty neat, huh?

And it can actually write down two numbers at a time, since this has two microphones

and records in stereo.

Inside this recorder is what's called an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC.

The "ADC" is the actual device responsible for creating the stream of samples.

It takes the analog signal coming from the microphones themselves and converts it into

a stream of discrete numbers.

If you open the files it makes in audacity, you see what looks like a waveform of the sound.

It is a waveform, but a waveform that's been plotted precisely on a graph.

Zoom way, way, way in on the waveform,

and eventually you can see the individual samples themselves.

And that's all digital sound is--

it's a huge list of numbers strung together in order.

To get these numbers back into sound we can hear, we need to use the opposite of an analog-to-digital

converter, or "ADC".

So, we'll use a DAC, or Digital-to-analog converter.

I like it when names make sense.

A DAC will read the string of numbers, and generate an analog voltage based upon their

values.

The DAC will smooth out the choppiness of the samples a bit to make the resulting sound

a little more natural, and now you've got an analog signal to send into an amplifier

and drive a loudspeaker.

The result is a near-perfect reproduction of the originally recorded sound.

Here's a very crude analogy to explain the difference between analog and digital sound.

A vinyl record's walls generate an analog signal by moving the stylus left and right...

as well as up and down.

It's diagonally moved for stereo, but just imagine for a moment that it's just left

and right.

A record directly creates the analog signal via the motion of the stylus.

But a digital sound source is instead sort of like a virtual stylus riding in a virtual groove.

The sound samples are snapshots in time of where the stylus was.

A DAC will then create an analog signal by running a virtual stylus through this virtual

groove and placing it at exactly the correct location--and thus generating the appropriate

voltage level--as defined by the samples.

By using a giant list of numbers to recreate sound, instead of the physical properties

of a plastic disc, the sound can be reproduced flawlessly and accurately with no reliance

on the record player's cartridge properties, the integrity of its stylus, it's motor,

the quality of the vinyl etc.

The biggest boon of digital sound was that it eliminated all of the little nuances that

might change how a recording sounds.

Digital sound is in a sense, absolute.

But getting digital sound into the hands of the average consumer took a long while.

DACs and "ADCs" were expensive components, and the amount of raw data generated by sound

recording was immense for the standards of the time.

Although 650 megabytes, the data equivalent of the first compact discs, is a paltry sum

of data in the 21st century, it was unimaginably huge in the early 1970's, when the first

commercial digital sound recording took place.

For context, the Commodore 64, released the same year as the compact disc, has 64 kilobytes

of ram, and that was considered huge for the time.

A compact disc held roughly ten thousands times as much data.

64 kilobtyes of CD quality audio lasts this long;

(clip)

That's not super helpful.

When we continue, we'll look at the methods that were used to store data from digital

recordings, and we'll discuss the rise of the compact disc as a robust, consumer-friendly

format for digital sound reproduction and distribution.

Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the video!

If this is your first time coming across the channel and you liked what you saw, please

consider subscribing to Technology Connections.

Don't forget you can also follow me on Twitter @TechConnectify, and you might enjoy the second

channel, Technology Connection 2, where I talk about stuff and don't prepare for anything.

Also, thanks to Lord Telaneo on Twitter, there is also a Technology Connections Subreddit.

I really don't know reddit at all, but you will also find me there as TechConnectify.

As always, thank you to everyone who supports this channel on Patreon, especially the wonderful

folks that have been scrolling up your screen.

It is with the support of people like you that I'm able to make these videos.

Thank you.

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take a look at my Patreon page.

Thank you for your consideration, and I'll see you next time!

For more infomation >> Sound By Numbers: The Rise of Digital Sound - Duration: 14:12.

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Top 10 Scary Animal Creations - Duration: 15:24.

What's your favourite animal, Danny?

I love animals but sometimes they can be real creeps.

10 Beaver Dam that can be seen from SPACE While at first this may not seem that scary,

think about it….a Beaver Dam you can SEE FROM SPACE.

SPACE.

It is a popular myth that you can see the Great Wall of China from Space, but….

Like I said it's a myth.

The only human made structures you can see from space are the Bingham Canyon Mine – made

with dynamite and the greenhouses if Almeria in Spain.

That's what we get from all our fancy human tools and fancy human brains.

BEAVERS MATE.

They're coming through.

Beavers are adept builders and they love nothing more than to make a nice big dam for themselves.

The biggest beaver dam in the world was found in Wood Buffalo national park in Northern

Alberta, Canada.

The animal made construction was measured at 2,790 feet, so twice the length of the

hoover dam.

Beavers do it better, say it with me now!

When can we expect the beaver revolsion?

Soon.

We're at their mercy and they have a shaaaarp bite.

I crossed a beaver dam when portaging once.

IT was terrifying.

They don't like their spaces being disturbed, and if you're unlucky, while you try and

cross one, they mite pop out and bite you.

Next up at number 9 we have the Giant Ant Colony.

In 2012, experts in Brazil found an Ant abandoned colony that they suspected was one of the

biggest ones ever found.

There was only one way to find out just how big it was.

They poured ten tonnes of concrete into the holes on the surface, which served as air

conditioning ducts for the ants.

They knew it would take a day or two of pouring - but they didnt expect to be doing it for

10 days.

When it was full and the concrete had dried, they began excavating.

They uncovered an ant city that looked like something straight out of an alien movie.

These tiny ants had excavated around 40 tonnes of soil to create the labyrinth.

To put in human perspectives, the experts say that this thing is the equivalent of the

great wall of china in terms of effort.

Many people are a bit disturbed by the sight of this, especially if youre not really into

creepy crawlies.

It can be a little bit unnerving to know this is going on just inches below us …

8 Termite Monoliths Take a look at this gothic looking castle

of doom.

No, Draculas' minions didn't build it….

Termites did.

Mound building Termites are super efficient creeps that build high rises in their home

countries of Africa, Australia and South America.

These mounds can sometimes be 30 metres in diameter and over 6 metres high.

Have a look at the Bungle Bungle Park - the place is blooming covered in termites!

Each one of these mounds can house up to 2 million termites….

Which is horrifying.

You want to know something weird - despite building their towers high into the sky - the

termites mainly live underground.

This has absolutely baffled scientists for hundreds of years and they still don't have

an exact answer as to why.

A lot of people write bugs off as being pretty basic, but in actual fact, not only can termites

build these incredible, if bone chilling structures, they are also known to actively farm mould.

Next up at number 7 we have The Whale Song.

Songs are created - we humans do it a lot - so do whales - and something weird is happening

with them.

All around the world, blue whales arent singing like they used to.

The largest animals on the planet are singing in deeper voices every year and scientists

don't know why.

Ever since the 1960s, whales all over the world now sing in a frequency 30% lower than

they did before.

Mark Donald is president of Whale Acoustics, a company that specialises in this kind of

monitoring.

He said -We don't have an answer.

We just have a lot of recordings- … Mark and his team arent convinced by the suggested

explanations of ocean noise pollution, changing population dynamics or new mating strategies.

Its getting creepy now and experts arent even sure when it will end.

Do they sense something changing in the ocean?

On the whole planet?

Is there something we know that they don't?

While humans scratch their heads trying to figure it out, the whale song gets lower,

and lower, and lower …

6 Horrifying Spider Web I do not like a spider.

I really don't.

I am a nature lover so I basically just try and grin and bear them, but this is too much

for me to accept.

In 2007, these super giant spider webs arrived straight from your literal nightmares in Dallas,

Texas.

Lake Tawakoni State Park fell victim to a giant communal spider web that caused a stir

on social media.

3,300 intrepid tourists visted the park over the labour day holiday.

Apparently the phenomenon occurred as a result of wet summer conditions, causing the parks

spider population to explode.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Biologist, Mike Quinn, referred to the spiders work as

sheet webbing, and it is thought to have covered the length of a football pitch.

One visitor described the webs as draping the tree like shrouds….which, if you don't

know what a shroud is, it is a like a funeral cloak a dead person is buried in.

That description really isn't making me feel better about the spiders!

The spiders, by the way, are thought to be the Guatemalan long jawed spider….ghhhhhreeeeaaaat!

I never even thought about spiders having jaws.

Apparently the webs were so popular that the New York Times ran the pictures as a lead

story.

Local Superintendent, Garde, said "the spiders are great little guys.

They put our park on the map."

Yeah….

But...also….argh!

Spiders Danny?

How do you feel about spiders?

I actually don't mind them but if you don't like them - perhaps youll like our next one

because it definitely scares spiders - at number 5 we have the Mud Dauber Prisons.

These wasps eat spiders - but in a very creepy way.

Mud daubers build prisons for spiders made out of mud and wasp vomit.

Sounds like Im making it up right?

Part of me wishes I was but no, they really do this.

Mud dauber nests can contain dozens of these prison cells and each cell can contain up

to 3 spiders.

You might be wondering why the spiders don't try and escape, well, as much as Id like to

see a spider version of the Shawshank Redemption, they cant escape because the wasps paralyze

them.

At this point, even those of you who hate spiders are wondering why they the wasps do

all of this.

Well, its food - but not for them - for their babies.

The wasps lay eggs on the paralyzed spiders.

Once the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae finds its first meal ready to devour.

Soon enough it will be a fully grown wasp improsing spiders for the next generation,

its kinda sweet really.

There are many things humans have copied from the animal kingdom, I don't think this will

ever be one of them …

4 Wooden Hornests Nest Wasps scare me at the best of times because

they sting without remorse.

Hornests are like even angrier wasps.

At least with bees, stinging is a last resort...saying that really makes me want to sing Papa Roach.

Anyway, wasps and hornets can just keep on stinging.

Again, bees live in hives which are kind of pretty and are functional as they give us

wax or honey.

Hornets What do they give us.

This.

This is what you get from Hornets.

Thanks hornets….thanks for the carefree stinging and the sleepless nights.

Wasps and hornets make their nests from chewing wood into a pulp and sticking it together

with their saliva.

Haaaannnyway….the wasps chose the creepiest wood to harvest and the creepest place to

nest….in an old wooden statue.

The picture was shared on reddit by Count Bubs who said that their dad stumbled across

the horrifying sight in a shed he hadn't used for years.

Cool.

You should always watch out for a wasp or hornets nest too; they may look old and abandoned…

but the creepy little stingsters could still be hibernating inside.

Yuck.

Next up at number 3 we have The Trapdoor Spider.

Spiders usually build webs - people who are scared of spiders are usually not fond of

webs.

However, there may be something even more creepy for a spider to live in - a trapdoor.

The aptly named Trapdoor Spider in Australia dig burrows under the ground where they spend

their entire lives - and they live quite a long time, around 20 years or more.

Of course, they don't just live underground, if a door can close, its supposed to open

again.

The trapdoor spider makes a door to their burrow using soil and leaves and even makes

a hinge using their own silk - this allows the spider burrow to be completely invisible

while sealed, so youd never know if you were right next to it.

They don't only use their silk for hinges though - oh no - they have a much more important

use for it.

The trapdoor spider sits and waits for its prey to pass by and trigger one of the specially

made tripwires around its burrow.

It will then leap out and drag its victim underground to consume it.

If insects had horror movies, the trapdoor spider would be one of the biggest villains.

There havent been any reports of them dragging humans down but er, Im not gonna take any

chances …

2 Crab in Baby Head Oh, hermit crab, you really have surpassed

yourself with the level of creepy you can achieve.

By and large, I am very pro crab, even though they are similar to spiders.

I like that they walk sideways and they are pincery.

I guess I wouldn't love them if they lived in my house or my garden like spiders often

try to...so maybe that's why I like them….

Out of sight, fond in mind!

So this hermit crab is a coconut crab in the pacific island… guess what it decided to

live in?

Eeer...the creepy decapitated head of a vacant eyed doll.

If I saw that monstrosity coming towards me I think I would do more than scream.

ARGH.

The dolls head also seemed to rot and deteriorate over time...making it look even scarier as

time went on.

What is that baby from toy story called?!

The mutant one in sids room?

This is like a real life version of that.

To be honest, the fact this exists is scary on a whole other level, too.

Hermit crabs usually use the empty shells of mollusks to protect themselves, but this

crab used a plastic dolls head..which speaks volumes as to our ocean pollution.

Every year, the world ocean sees a dump of anyway between 5 to 14 million tons of plastic

and other toxic debris.

This debris releases toxins that are contributing to the the biggest marine life mass extinction

in millenia.

And finally at number 1 we have Spider Decoys.

In 2017, scientists in Peru discovered a new species of spider - that was cool - but the

spiders were doing something very strange.

They were making models of themselves - tiny little fake spiders that would sit on the

web.

From a distance, these models look surprisingly like a spider but theyre actually made up

of bits of leaves, debris and even dead insects.

At first this might seem like some sort of strange ritual.

Humans like to make models of ourselves for art or religion - is that what the ants are

doing?

Is this their sort of ant religion?

Scientists were amazed by the fact that every spider model they found had 8 legs, it was

like the spiders knew what they looked like somehow - very creepy stuff.

Because the species is such a recent discovery, scientists will need more time to fully understand

how and why the spiders do this.

The current theory is that they build the fake versions of themselves to act as decoys

- perhaps as a defense mechanism to confuse predators.

Hopefully.

That sounds a lot better than a spider religion starting

in

the Amazon.

For more infomation >> Top 10 Scary Animal Creations - Duration: 15:24.

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Tarik

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Erkenci Kuş / Early Bird Trailer - Episode 6 (Eng & Tur Subs) - Duration: 1:00.

Look him in the eye...

...tell him "I am in love with you". The rest is up to him.

Whatever happens, happens, right?!

- Zebercet? Ayhan! - Sanem?

He climbed on the billboard and tried to tear it down.

God!

That Osman will come here! Oh, here he is!

I am here, brother.

I and my rolling pin are waiting for your explanation, impatiently!

You are head over heels in love.

Should you go and talk to him? Should you tell him everything?

Sanem?

I am here to confess something.

I've never felt this way before.

I don't know what to say or how to speak.

I...

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Acusan al Servicio de Inmigración de EE.UU. de atacar a inmigrantes por hacer una huelga de hambre - Duration: 1:29.

For more infomation >> Acusan al Servicio de Inmigración de EE.UU. de atacar a inmigrantes por hacer una huelga de hambre - Duration: 1:29.

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Fly fishing for Dolphin Fish mahi mahi with popper surf candy and Clouser minnow - Duration: 2:40.

Yes, yes, there are

here they are, do you see them?

how they attack!!

Here they are! Mamma mia as the fish pulls!!

For more infomation >> Fly fishing for Dolphin Fish mahi mahi with popper surf candy and Clouser minnow - Duration: 2:40.

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Como conseguir trabalhar e estudar ao mesmo tempo? Descubra agora! - Duration: 7:20.

For more infomation >> Como conseguir trabalhar e estudar ao mesmo tempo? Descubra agora! - Duration: 7:20.

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Test High bitrate Sony A7III Slog2 Banding - Duration: 1:01.

For more infomation >> Test High bitrate Sony A7III Slog2 Banding - Duration: 1:01.

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O sovietico desenho "Bobik visita Barbos"/ "Бобик в гостях у Барбоса" - Duration: 8:42.

For more infomation >> O sovietico desenho "Bobik visita Barbos"/ "Бобик в гостях у Барбоса" - Duration: 8:42.

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Sound By Numbers: The Rise of Digital Sound - Duration: 14:12.

Have you ever noticed that a loudspeaker is the opposite of an eardrum?

Eh, probably not.

But it's true!

See our ears work by concentrating changes in air pressure onto a small diaphragm that

will move back and forth with the pressure changes.

This vibration causes stimulation in the heary bits of the ear which your brain can, assuming

you have normal hearing ability, turn into what we perceive as sound.

A loudspeaker does the opposite--its diaphragms (the driver cones) vibrate to create pressure

changes in the air.

This vibration gets transferred to our eardrums so we can hear it.

We're sticking to simple stuff today because the rabbit hole is just too deep.

All you need to know is that things vibrate, which causes air pressure to fluctuate, which

causes our eardrums to also vibrate, which stimulates the brain so that we can perceive

that vibration as sound.

This channel started as a series exploring the history of artificial sound, and it's

been over TWO YEARS since I last touched on it at all.

Finally we're finishing this up with the introduction of

DIGITAL SOUND (emphasis added with obnoxious reverb).

Since it's been forever, let's go over a brief history of sound recording technologies.

The first device which could reproduce a sound recording was the phonograph.

Thomas Edison's invention consisted of an artificial eardrum, which would vibrate along

with changes in sound pressure, and with the aid of a collecting horn, the vibration is

transferred into this stylus, creating an up-and-down motion.

This carves a groove into a wax cylinder, and the vibrating stylus creates an imprint

of the sound wave.

The depth of that groove becomes a literal analog of the original sound vibrations.

Then, when the stylus is run over the now bumpy groove, the bumps cause the diaphragm

to vibrate in the same way as it did when it first made the bumps, and the result is

that you hear the same sound as before.

Or at least, a barely passable imitation of that sound.

(sad sounding violin music)

Commercially produced discs and cylinders were molded from master

recordings, and wouldn't wear down like the original wax cylinders.

They were played back using devices like this.

This device is called a reproducer, and for decades all phonographs were based on

simple acoustic devices like this.

For nearly a century, this is how artificial sound recording technologies worked.

Something (like this horn) would collect sound waves, and recreate them onto a physical analog.

Then, that physical analog could recreate the original sound waves when played back.

While it all started with simple acoustic devices like this phonograph, eventually improvements

were made.

The development of the electronic microphone was perhaps the most important.

Now, sound waves cause a receiving diaphragm to move a coil of wire around a magnet, and

a voltage is produced in the wire as the diaphragm moves.

This time, sound waves are recreated as a voltage coming from the microphone, and by

amplifying this voltage and sending it into a new record cutting device which moves its

cutting stylus as a function of the voltage it receives, a more accurate carving of the

sound wave could be made into a disc or cylinder.

This greatly improved the fidelity of the recorded sound, even on acoustic reproduction

devices like this.

With the proliferation of radio--which I feel I must explain is a sound transmission technology,

not sound recording.

Just so we don't get confused too much here--

the loudspeaker became a big deal.

Loudspeakers are the opposite of microphones--instead of producing a voltage as a reaction to a

sound pressure wave moving its diaphragm, a loudspeaker will move its diaphragm and

create a pressure wave as a reaction to incoming voltage.

With loudspeakers all the rage, record players could now use a phonograph cartridge, which

acts like a microphone for records.

The movement of the stylus as the groove vibrates it generates a voltage which can be amplified

to drive a loudspeaker.

This gets very meta very quickly.

An artificial ear turns sounds into voltage, and a cutting stylus turns this voltage into

a groove on a record.

Then, a playback stylus playing the record generates a voltage as the stylus vibrates.

This voltage is then amplified to drive a loudspeaker, which causes pressure changes

in the air around the loudspeaker, which your ears concentrate down to your eardrums, and

now your real eardrums are vibrating in roughly the same way that the original artificial

eardrum moved in the microphone in the first place.

Yeah.

In essence, the record becomes a way to recreate the original pattern of voltage created by

the microphone, so that the sound can be heard again in a different place

at a different time.

Let's cut out the middle bit because that's what's most confusing.

A microphone like this creates an electrical signal of fluctuating intensity based on how

its diaphragm moves.

I can just amplify that signal and send it straight into a loudspeaker, which will reproduce

the sound in real time.

Radio accomplishes this wirelessly, but the sound isn't recorded.

To capture the sound coming from the microphone to be played back later, it has to be converted

into an analog of the signal.

And that's why it's called analog recording technology.

No matter if it's a record, a cassette tape, an open reel tape, or even a wax cylinder,

the sound information is recorded "doorectly"...

Doorectly.

Doorectly?

The sound information is recorded directly onto something, which can then be used to

recreate a copy of the original sound information.

That something is an analog of the original sound waves.

Improvements in sound technology were for many years simply incremental.

Wax cylinders became shellac discs.

Shellac became vinyl.

Magnetic recording wire allowed for a reusable, electronic recording medium.

This was improved into magnetic tape, allowing for a high fidelity, versatile recording medium

enabling multi-track recording and editing.

And to improve on the noise of magnetic tape, different particle formulations were developed,

and noise reduction technologies matured.

But we were still just taking some signal from a microphone, then slapping it basically

as is onto some sort of physical medium.

And that medium was never perfect.

Poorly made tape would cause signal dropouts.

Discs would be plagued by dust and scratches, and would slowly wear down with each play.

Because the analog medium contained the sound in its physical properties, it was inherently

prone to wear, damage, and distortion.

Which of course would wear down, damage, or distort the sound recording itself.

If only there were some way to encode the sound, perhaps a way to store sound logically

rather than analogously.

Maybe if the signal weren't the sound itself, but instead were a set of instructions on

how to recreate it, we could get lossless, near-perfect sound reproduction.

And thus, digital sound was born.

The heart of uncompressed digital sound is pulse-code modulation, or PCM.

PCM's roots can be traced back to the telegraph days, but its invention as we know it today

for sound came from British Engineer Alec Reeves.

I feel I must compliment Mr. Reeves on his given name, it's excellent.

Very good.

He first devised this digital method of transmitting and receiving voice communication in 1937,

though it required extremely complex circuitry for the time.

However, PCM transmission was used during World War 2 as a way to encrypt extremely

important voice conversations, such as those between Winston Churchill

and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

This encryption system was called SIGSALY,

"SIGSALLY"?

"SIGSALIE"?

Or Project X, X System, Ciphony 1, or Green Hornet.

Anyway, Project Green Sally X System Hornet 1 was much more complicated than simple Pulse

Code Modulation, but PCM was a large part of its encryption.

So how does PCM work?

It's actually simpler than it might seem at first.

It's rather like a system for repeatedly asking what the instantaneous amplitude of

a signal is many thousands of times per second, then simply writing that down.

Let's look at a simple sine wave.

If this were to be encoded on a vinyl record, the groove of the record would start out straight

in the center, then move to the left as the signal intensity reached peak, then it would

start to move to the right, keep moving, keep moving, and then it would pull back to the

center.

When it's played back, the movement of the stylus as the walls of the groove wiggle it

back and forth will recreate this signal.

And audio tape does the same thing, except the intensity isn't recorded as a physical

movement, but as a degree of magnetization on the tape.

But with PCM, we aren't even trying to recreate the wave.

Instead, we want to quantify it and play connect-the-dots.

Let's say I want to take 20 samples of this waveform.

OK, I'll divide it up into 20 chunks.

Now I just need to define the detail I can have within each sample.

Let's put this on a scale of 0 to 15.

That's 4 bits of resolution.

Now, at each sampling point, we can take the closest value.

This sine wave can now be represented as the following string of numbers.

To get the sine wave back, we simply plot those numbers on a graph.

Then, connect the dots.

Tada! A sine…

wave?

Well, a sloppy sine wave.

But that's only because we weren't very specific.

We only took 20 samples, and each one could only be one of 16 values.

But now we know the two most crucial parts of digital sound--the sample rate and the

bit depth.

Perhaps the most common sample rate and bit depth of digital sound is 44.1 kilohertz,

16 bits.

This means that every second, 44,100 samples are taken, and each sample can be one of 65,536

values, or 2 to the power of 16.

And that's how devices like this, a Tascam DR-05, record sound.

It's looking at the voltage coming from the microphone, and taking precise measurements.

Every 44.1 thousandth of a second, it takes a voltage reading, and, well, writes it down.

It's furiously quantifying and logging the voltage it measures with 16 bits of accuracy,

and the result is a string of numbers that logically represent the shape of the sound

waves that exerted pressure on the microphone's diagram.

Pretty neat, huh?

And it can actually write down two numbers at a time, since this has two microphones

and records in stereo.

Inside this recorder is what's called an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC.

The "ADC" is the actual device responsible for creating the stream of samples.

It takes the analog signal coming from the microphones themselves and converts it into

a stream of discrete numbers.

If you open the files it makes in audacity, you see what looks like a waveform of the sound.

It is a waveform, but a waveform that's been plotted precisely on a graph.

Zoom way, way, way in on the waveform,

and eventually you can see the individual samples themselves.

And that's all digital sound is--

it's a huge list of numbers strung together in order.

To get these numbers back into sound we can hear, we need to use the opposite of an analog-to-digital

converter, or "ADC".

So, we'll use a DAC, or Digital-to-analog converter.

I like it when names make sense.

A DAC will read the string of numbers, and generate an analog voltage based upon their

values.

The DAC will smooth out the choppiness of the samples a bit to make the resulting sound

a little more natural, and now you've got an analog signal to send into an amplifier

and drive a loudspeaker.

The result is a near-perfect reproduction of the originally recorded sound.

Here's a very crude analogy to explain the difference between analog and digital sound.

A vinyl record's walls generate an analog signal by moving the stylus left and right...

as well as up and down.

It's diagonally moved for stereo, but just imagine for a moment that it's just left

and right.

A record directly creates the analog signal via the motion of the stylus.

But a digital sound source is instead sort of like a virtual stylus riding in a virtual groove.

The sound samples are snapshots in time of where the stylus was.

A DAC will then create an analog signal by running a virtual stylus through this virtual

groove and placing it at exactly the correct location--and thus generating the appropriate

voltage level--as defined by the samples.

By using a giant list of numbers to recreate sound, instead of the physical properties

of a plastic disc, the sound can be reproduced flawlessly and accurately with no reliance

on the record player's cartridge properties, the integrity of its stylus, it's motor,

the quality of the vinyl etc.

The biggest boon of digital sound was that it eliminated all of the little nuances that

might change how a recording sounds.

Digital sound is in a sense, absolute.

But getting digital sound into the hands of the average consumer took a long while.

DACs and "ADCs" were expensive components, and the amount of raw data generated by sound

recording was immense for the standards of the time.

Although 650 megabytes, the data equivalent of the first compact discs, is a paltry sum

of data in the 21st century, it was unimaginably huge in the early 1970's, when the first

commercial digital sound recording took place.

For context, the Commodore 64, released the same year as the compact disc, has 64 kilobytes

of ram, and that was considered huge for the time.

A compact disc held roughly ten thousands times as much data.

64 kilobtyes of CD quality audio lasts this long;

(clip)

That's not super helpful.

When we continue, we'll look at the methods that were used to store data from digital

recordings, and we'll discuss the rise of the compact disc as a robust, consumer-friendly

format for digital sound reproduction and distribution.

Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the video!

If this is your first time coming across the channel and you liked what you saw, please

consider subscribing to Technology Connections.

Don't forget you can also follow me on Twitter @TechConnectify, and you might enjoy the second

channel, Technology Connection 2, where I talk about stuff and don't prepare for anything.

Also, thanks to Lord Telaneo on Twitter, there is also a Technology Connections Subreddit.

I really don't know reddit at all, but you will also find me there as TechConnectify.

As always, thank you to everyone who supports this channel on Patreon, especially the wonderful

folks that have been scrolling up your screen.

It is with the support of people like you that I'm able to make these videos.

Thank you.

If you'd like to you join these awesome people and support the channel too, why not

take a look at my Patreon page.

Thank you for your consideration, and I'll see you next time!

For more infomation >> Sound By Numbers: The Rise of Digital Sound - Duration: 14:12.

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Top 10 Scary Animal Creations - Duration: 15:24.

What's your favourite animal, Danny?

I love animals but sometimes they can be real creeps.

10 Beaver Dam that can be seen from SPACE While at first this may not seem that scary,

think about it….a Beaver Dam you can SEE FROM SPACE.

SPACE.

It is a popular myth that you can see the Great Wall of China from Space, but….

Like I said it's a myth.

The only human made structures you can see from space are the Bingham Canyon Mine – made

with dynamite and the greenhouses if Almeria in Spain.

That's what we get from all our fancy human tools and fancy human brains.

BEAVERS MATE.

They're coming through.

Beavers are adept builders and they love nothing more than to make a nice big dam for themselves.

The biggest beaver dam in the world was found in Wood Buffalo national park in Northern

Alberta, Canada.

The animal made construction was measured at 2,790 feet, so twice the length of the

hoover dam.

Beavers do it better, say it with me now!

When can we expect the beaver revolsion?

Soon.

We're at their mercy and they have a shaaaarp bite.

I crossed a beaver dam when portaging once.

IT was terrifying.

They don't like their spaces being disturbed, and if you're unlucky, while you try and

cross one, they mite pop out and bite you.

Next up at number 9 we have the Giant Ant Colony.

In 2012, experts in Brazil found an Ant abandoned colony that they suspected was one of the

biggest ones ever found.

There was only one way to find out just how big it was.

They poured ten tonnes of concrete into the holes on the surface, which served as air

conditioning ducts for the ants.

They knew it would take a day or two of pouring - but they didnt expect to be doing it for

10 days.

When it was full and the concrete had dried, they began excavating.

They uncovered an ant city that looked like something straight out of an alien movie.

These tiny ants had excavated around 40 tonnes of soil to create the labyrinth.

To put in human perspectives, the experts say that this thing is the equivalent of the

great wall of china in terms of effort.

Many people are a bit disturbed by the sight of this, especially if youre not really into

creepy crawlies.

It can be a little bit unnerving to know this is going on just inches below us …

8 Termite Monoliths Take a look at this gothic looking castle

of doom.

No, Draculas' minions didn't build it….

Termites did.

Mound building Termites are super efficient creeps that build high rises in their home

countries of Africa, Australia and South America.

These mounds can sometimes be 30 metres in diameter and over 6 metres high.

Have a look at the Bungle Bungle Park - the place is blooming covered in termites!

Each one of these mounds can house up to 2 million termites….

Which is horrifying.

You want to know something weird - despite building their towers high into the sky - the

termites mainly live underground.

This has absolutely baffled scientists for hundreds of years and they still don't have

an exact answer as to why.

A lot of people write bugs off as being pretty basic, but in actual fact, not only can termites

build these incredible, if bone chilling structures, they are also known to actively farm mould.

Next up at number 7 we have The Whale Song.

Songs are created - we humans do it a lot - so do whales - and something weird is happening

with them.

All around the world, blue whales arent singing like they used to.

The largest animals on the planet are singing in deeper voices every year and scientists

don't know why.

Ever since the 1960s, whales all over the world now sing in a frequency 30% lower than

they did before.

Mark Donald is president of Whale Acoustics, a company that specialises in this kind of

monitoring.

He said -We don't have an answer.

We just have a lot of recordings- … Mark and his team arent convinced by the suggested

explanations of ocean noise pollution, changing population dynamics or new mating strategies.

Its getting creepy now and experts arent even sure when it will end.

Do they sense something changing in the ocean?

On the whole planet?

Is there something we know that they don't?

While humans scratch their heads trying to figure it out, the whale song gets lower,

and lower, and lower …

6 Horrifying Spider Web I do not like a spider.

I really don't.

I am a nature lover so I basically just try and grin and bear them, but this is too much

for me to accept.

In 2007, these super giant spider webs arrived straight from your literal nightmares in Dallas,

Texas.

Lake Tawakoni State Park fell victim to a giant communal spider web that caused a stir

on social media.

3,300 intrepid tourists visted the park over the labour day holiday.

Apparently the phenomenon occurred as a result of wet summer conditions, causing the parks

spider population to explode.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Biologist, Mike Quinn, referred to the spiders work as

sheet webbing, and it is thought to have covered the length of a football pitch.

One visitor described the webs as draping the tree like shrouds….which, if you don't

know what a shroud is, it is a like a funeral cloak a dead person is buried in.

That description really isn't making me feel better about the spiders!

The spiders, by the way, are thought to be the Guatemalan long jawed spider….ghhhhhreeeeaaaat!

I never even thought about spiders having jaws.

Apparently the webs were so popular that the New York Times ran the pictures as a lead

story.

Local Superintendent, Garde, said "the spiders are great little guys.

They put our park on the map."

Yeah….

But...also….argh!

Spiders Danny?

How do you feel about spiders?

I actually don't mind them but if you don't like them - perhaps youll like our next one

because it definitely scares spiders - at number 5 we have the Mud Dauber Prisons.

These wasps eat spiders - but in a very creepy way.

Mud daubers build prisons for spiders made out of mud and wasp vomit.

Sounds like Im making it up right?

Part of me wishes I was but no, they really do this.

Mud dauber nests can contain dozens of these prison cells and each cell can contain up

to 3 spiders.

You might be wondering why the spiders don't try and escape, well, as much as Id like to

see a spider version of the Shawshank Redemption, they cant escape because the wasps paralyze

them.

At this point, even those of you who hate spiders are wondering why they the wasps do

all of this.

Well, its food - but not for them - for their babies.

The wasps lay eggs on the paralyzed spiders.

Once the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae finds its first meal ready to devour.

Soon enough it will be a fully grown wasp improsing spiders for the next generation,

its kinda sweet really.

There are many things humans have copied from the animal kingdom, I don't think this will

ever be one of them …

4 Wooden Hornests Nest Wasps scare me at the best of times because

they sting without remorse.

Hornests are like even angrier wasps.

At least with bees, stinging is a last resort...saying that really makes me want to sing Papa Roach.

Anyway, wasps and hornets can just keep on stinging.

Again, bees live in hives which are kind of pretty and are functional as they give us

wax or honey.

Hornets What do they give us.

This.

This is what you get from Hornets.

Thanks hornets….thanks for the carefree stinging and the sleepless nights.

Wasps and hornets make their nests from chewing wood into a pulp and sticking it together

with their saliva.

Haaaannnyway….the wasps chose the creepiest wood to harvest and the creepest place to

nest….in an old wooden statue.

The picture was shared on reddit by Count Bubs who said that their dad stumbled across

the horrifying sight in a shed he hadn't used for years.

Cool.

You should always watch out for a wasp or hornets nest too; they may look old and abandoned…

but the creepy little stingsters could still be hibernating inside.

Yuck.

Next up at number 3 we have The Trapdoor Spider.

Spiders usually build webs - people who are scared of spiders are usually not fond of

webs.

However, there may be something even more creepy for a spider to live in - a trapdoor.

The aptly named Trapdoor Spider in Australia dig burrows under the ground where they spend

their entire lives - and they live quite a long time, around 20 years or more.

Of course, they don't just live underground, if a door can close, its supposed to open

again.

The trapdoor spider makes a door to their burrow using soil and leaves and even makes

a hinge using their own silk - this allows the spider burrow to be completely invisible

while sealed, so youd never know if you were right next to it.

They don't only use their silk for hinges though - oh no - they have a much more important

use for it.

The trapdoor spider sits and waits for its prey to pass by and trigger one of the specially

made tripwires around its burrow.

It will then leap out and drag its victim underground to consume it.

If insects had horror movies, the trapdoor spider would be one of the biggest villains.

There havent been any reports of them dragging humans down but er, Im not gonna take any

chances …

2 Crab in Baby Head Oh, hermit crab, you really have surpassed

yourself with the level of creepy you can achieve.

By and large, I am very pro crab, even though they are similar to spiders.

I like that they walk sideways and they are pincery.

I guess I wouldn't love them if they lived in my house or my garden like spiders often

try to...so maybe that's why I like them….

Out of sight, fond in mind!

So this hermit crab is a coconut crab in the pacific island… guess what it decided to

live in?

Eeer...the creepy decapitated head of a vacant eyed doll.

If I saw that monstrosity coming towards me I think I would do more than scream.

ARGH.

The dolls head also seemed to rot and deteriorate over time...making it look even scarier as

time went on.

What is that baby from toy story called?!

The mutant one in sids room?

This is like a real life version of that.

To be honest, the fact this exists is scary on a whole other level, too.

Hermit crabs usually use the empty shells of mollusks to protect themselves, but this

crab used a plastic dolls head..which speaks volumes as to our ocean pollution.

Every year, the world ocean sees a dump of anyway between 5 to 14 million tons of plastic

and other toxic debris.

This debris releases toxins that are contributing to the the biggest marine life mass extinction

in millenia.

And finally at number 1 we have Spider Decoys.

In 2017, scientists in Peru discovered a new species of spider - that was cool - but the

spiders were doing something very strange.

They were making models of themselves - tiny little fake spiders that would sit on the

web.

From a distance, these models look surprisingly like a spider but theyre actually made up

of bits of leaves, debris and even dead insects.

At first this might seem like some sort of strange ritual.

Humans like to make models of ourselves for art or religion - is that what the ants are

doing?

Is this their sort of ant religion?

Scientists were amazed by the fact that every spider model they found had 8 legs, it was

like the spiders knew what they looked like somehow - very creepy stuff.

Because the species is such a recent discovery, scientists will need more time to fully understand

how and why the spiders do this.

The current theory is that they build the fake versions of themselves to act as decoys

- perhaps as a defense mechanism to confuse predators.

Hopefully.

That sounds a lot better than a spider religion starting

in

the Amazon.

For more infomation >> Top 10 Scary Animal Creations - Duration: 15:24.

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Motorcyclist was speeding, made several lane changes before fatal crash, police say - Duration: 1:29.

For more infomation >> Motorcyclist was speeding, made several lane changes before fatal crash, police say - Duration: 1:29.

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Checklist de Campo para o(a) Consultor Ambiental - Duration: 5:47.

For more infomation >> Checklist de Campo para o(a) Consultor Ambiental - Duration: 5:47.

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The Young and the Restless - Previously On Y&R (7/25/2018) - Duration: 0:41.

For more infomation >> The Young and the Restless - Previously On Y&R (7/25/2018) - Duration: 0:41.

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The Young and the Restless - Not Fair - Duration: 2:14.

For more infomation >> The Young and the Restless - Not Fair - Duration: 2:14.

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Hyundai i20 1.2i i-Motion Airco/5DRS - Duration: 1:06.

For more infomation >> Hyundai i20 1.2i i-Motion Airco/5DRS - Duration: 1:06.

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Definition of Sex - Duration: 6:06.

My name is Lindsey Doe.

I'm a clinical SEXologist and doctor of human SEXuality.

[WHIP CRACKING, COUGH]

Recently my friend and I were talking about something and she said, "wait, what is your

definition of sex?"

I tried to give her an inclusive answer that wouldn't leave out anyone's experiences

and validated me as a so-called expert on the topic.

I'll tell you the definition I gave but first, some background on how I got to it.

I grew up in the 80 and 90s and among my peers, sex meant a penis in a vagina.

If the penis only touched the vagina, that was "just the tip."

If it was a finger in the vagina instead of a penis, that was fingering.

An anus instead of a vagina was anal sex, not sex sex.

And oral went by more specific terms: blowjob, eating out, or tossing the salad.

Of course people had broader definitions of sex, my friends and I didn't determine language,

but this is where my journey started.

In 1998 when I was a sophomore in high school, media repeatedly quoted the president, Bill

Clinton, saying "I did not have sexual relations with that woman."

This was a big deal for the definition of sex.

The woman, Monica Lewinsky, had recorded nine encounters with Clinton and kept an unwashed

dress of hers with Clinton's semen on it.

He had definitely had sexual relations with her.

But as a nation we debated, what constitutes sexual relations?

What is sex?

If our president was getting head, people like me who were giving head were being told

by their country's leader that it's not really sex.

No need for protection.

Or need for concern about SEXually transmitted infection.

When the court challenged President Clinton, he argued, "I thought the definition included

any activity by [me], where [I] was the actor and came in contact with those parts of the

bodies" (referring to a list that included: "genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh,

or buttocks") "with an intent to gratify or arouse the sexual desire of any person."

As in, "since I didn't touch her genitalia or intend to gratify or arouse her, since

it was my penis and my pleasure, I wasn't having sex."

Ummm?!?!?!?!?

The court disagreed.

Giving or receiving a blowjob was now sex.

However when I was in college, if you asked me how many people I'd had sex with, I'd

tell you 4.

There were the two high school boyfriends and then two guys I had seen from work.

I wouldn't have included the oral hook-up.

I wouldn't have included mutually masturbating with a friend, and definitely not those I'd kissed.

My definition was still pretty specific.

After college I was certified to do HIV counseling and testing which meant swabbing people's

gums and assessing their risk.

I learned there were men who identified as heterosexual, had wives or girlfriends, but

put their penises in other men's assholes and or mouths and or received penises in their

assholes and or mouths.

Often anonymously, without protection or communication to understand risk.

Because if you have a strict definition of sex as penis in vagina, or denial about your

homosexuality, then you're less likely to have safer sex, and more likely to pass sexually

transmitted infections.

During this time I was also in graduate school working on my thesis.

This big ol' bounded thing.

My research question was: what is sexual intercourse, specifically the first time?

How do we determine when we've had sex?

I found that the phenomenon of sex usually included: negotiation, heightened body temperature,

anticipation, genital contact, sensation of an electric charge, performance awareness,

and persistent movement.

But beyond that the experience was really personal.

One participant asked if I wanted to know about her first sexual intercourse experience

ever or just the first time she was with a guy.

Another person wasn't able to really penetrate his partner or ejaculate, they touched naked

bodies together and that was sex to him.

Someone I named Bella, recounted everything that was said during her first time, where

it happened, how she felt, and in doing so realized that what she thought had been sex,

was probably rape.

My 200 page thesis has some answers but certainly not everyone's story or definition of sex.

I can tell you my own story didn't fit in and so I added it to the preface, a full description that reads:

"Reflecting on very lucid memories of anal sex is what brought this study to seek what

defines a phenomenon.

In casual conversation with others, [first sexual intercourse] was repeatedly referred

to as vaginal-penile penetration. When the

researcher's own experience [mine] blurred this definition of first sexual intercourse experiences..."

I had to question sexology as a whole.

My professor, Dr. Merle Farrier, explained that a definition has a genus and a species.

A general category and then something that makes it specific -- different than everything

else in that category.

For example the definition of a thesis is a long essay or dissertation (the genus) involving

personal research, written by a candidate for a college degree (the species).

In that conversation with my friend about my definition of sex I answered to me sex

is: a consensual activity designed to arouse a physiological response.

It has a genus and species.

It doesn't use the word sex in the definition.

It's inclusive, but too much so.

A pelvic exam could be sex in this case.

So could open heart surgery.

Dictionaries aren't much better, though.

The Merriam-Webster definition says sex is sexually motivated phenomena or behavior.

Showering can be a sexually motivated behavior for me.

So can trimming pubic hair.

Driving to my partner's house... do all those constitute sex?

Then there's this definition: "anything connected with sexual gratification or reproduction

or the urge for these..."

That includes oral and anal and sexting and watching porn and masturbating.

It could include all the kinks, fantasizing about someone, and in vitro fertilization.

I don't think there is one all encompassing definition.

I think that words and their meanings are influenced by the people using them and the context.

Going back to my friend's question, "wait, what is your definition of sex?"

The answer is the question.

What is my definition in that moment, in that conversation.

I don't have to have a tidy short "this is the meaning of sex."

The gift is the opportunity to talk more about behaviors and experiences rather than coming

up with a succinct qualifier for all the sex out there.

This is more inclusive.

It includes more bodies, types of desire.

It makes it easier for people to express themselves sexually when they aren't held to a rigid idea

that to have sex means you have to get hard or wet and someone's on top and there's thrusting.

If sex can look the way each of us decides and there's consent among all parties,

that's sex.

Let your definition of sex be a dialogue about sex and stay curious.

[MAIA:] "Since it was my penis and my pleasure, I wasn't having sex."

[LINDSEY LAUGHS]

For more infomation >> Definition of Sex - Duration: 6:06.

-------------------------------------------

What If Ythogtha Was Real? - Duration: 5:16.

Hello and welcome back to Life's Biggest Questions, I'm Ron McKenzie-Lefurgey.

Today it's time for the next stop on our seemingly endless journey into the disturbing

mythos of Lovecraft.

We've talked about Nyogtha, we've talked about Yog-Sothoth, and now it's time to

talk about the creature whose name seems to be a combination of the two: Ythogtha.

Yeah, these videos give my tongue a workout.

Ythogtha is the second son of Cthulhu, who was imprisoned in the Abyss of Yhe by the

Elder Gods.

But what if he didn't exist in stories, but actually was out and about in real life?

Let's explore.

If you want more What If videos, check out our "Biggest What Ifs" playlist on the

channel.

Now get ready, it's time to ask the question: What if Ythogtha was Real?

Now, as with our other Cthulhu videos, this video will assume that Ythogtha is the only

Elder God or Great Old One around.

So he won't have any competition on that front.

However, since he is rather dependent on his servants, we'll assume that his servants

are also real.

This means that the yuggs as well as their lord, Ubb, The Father of Worms, would also

exist.

Yes, the names sound disgusting.

And yes, they live up to their names.

More on them in a moment, but for now, let's talk about Ythogtha himself.

Ythogtha first appeared in The Xothic Legend Cycle series, written by Lin Carter.

He looks something like a giant humanoid frog, with a single eye in the middle of his forehead,

but he is much more disgusting, and far, far larger.

How large?

Well, when a sorcerer-priest tried to free him, he mistook his fingertips for mountainous

heads.

So he's pretty darn big.

As with other beasts from the mythos, he has a number of tentacles on him, forming a sort

of mane around his head.

In terms of abilities, there's little we can know from the literature.

Since he was imprisoned in the Abyss of Yhe, he didn't really get a chance to strut his

stuff.

However, we know a bit more about the abilities of his minions.

These minions were the Yuggs, large, flatworm-like creatures found underground, also known as

The Worms of the Earth.

They are able to interact with humans, and even transmit genetic information to them

through organic darts.

Although frankly, I'm not entirely sure what that means.

They're known to communicate with humans, offering them great wealth, in exchange for

cooperation, as well as sacrifices.

They're led by the large, slug-like creature known as Ubb, The Father of Worms, from whom

the Yuggs are spawned.

In the mythos, they worked to free their masters from their prison.

So, what might happen if Ythogtha was real?

Well, that would depend on whether or not he was imprisoned.

If he was free, things would look rather like they did with Cthulhu; he would be incredibly

dangerous, and would likely take over the Earth.

So, for the purposes of this video, we'll assume that Ythogtha is still trapped under

the Earth, and must depend on the Yuggs to spread his influence on Earth.

How might this affect us?

Well first of all, it might take some time to convince the general population of the

existence of the Yuggs.

The idea sounds pretty farfetched, and most would shrug it off as just another silly conspiracy

theory.

This would make it quite a bit easier for the Yuggs to infiltrate society, and influence

powerful people by helping them to achieve their goals.

Eventually, however, there's a good chance that one would slip up, and be captured, which

would allow even the most skeptical to come to terms with this strange new creature.

If we learned that there were giant worms that were bribing people with money in order

to gain their service, people would become even more suspicious of the rich than they

are now.

And that's saying something.

Currently, people on all sides of the political spectrum are engaging in numerous conspiracy

theories about the rich and powerful, with many believing them to be a part of some greater,

harmful agenda.

If we knew that some rich people got that way thanks to some freaky worms that were

serving a giant tentacle monster, it would change the way we looked at rich folks.

But even if we did learn about them, and we knew that they intended to harm humanity,

there are some who would still take advantage of their supposed generosity.

As we've seen throughout history, some people are more than happy to sell out their fellow

humans in exchange for personal wealth and power.

There's a good chance that the Yuggs would prioritize powerful leaders, with cult followings,

in order to influence as many people as possible.

If they were around nowadays, they would almost certainly try to tempt Donald Trump or Vladimir

Putin, or even the British Royal Family, in hopes of using their following to gain influence,

and perhaps release Ythogtha from his prison.

And, whether out of narcissism or greed, there is a chance that they would accept.

In order to limit the actions of the Yuggs, and to stop people from being potentially

corrupted, we might attempt to build devices that could locate and exterminate them.

Since they tend to be found underground, these would likely be small drilling devices with

that could sense the movement or digging of the Yuggs, find them, and kill them.

We might also find ways to detect them when they're about in the world, looking for

people to influence.

This could be either with technology, or simply training dogs to sniff them out.

However, it might be best to try to cut off the head of the snake.

If possible, there's a good chance we'd try to hunt down Ubb, to stop more Yuggs from

being created, and perhaps disrupt their structure.

Without Ubb, it's possible that the Yuggs would become disorganized, and might be easier

to deal with, allowing us to exterminate them and move on with our lives.

Otherwise, there's a chance that they would succeed, Ythogtha would rise, and humanity

would be in for a bad time.

And now we return to our question: What if Ythogtha was Real?

Well, his Yuggs would cause quite the problem.

Under the leadership of Ubb, the Yuggs would infiltrate world governments, by promising

money and power in return for allegiance.

If they succeeded, and Ythogtha returned, the world would probably be more or less doomed.

If, however, we managed to stop them, either by hunting the Yuggs down, or killing their

leader, then the world could begin to return to normal.

Or at least, as normal as it can be, with the thought of giant, conniving flatworms

floating around in our minds.

Thank you for watching Life's Biggest Questions, I hope this was interesting and informative,

and maybe even inspired you to look into it further on your own.

If you liked this video, please thumbs up and subscribe to the channel down below.

While you're down there, let me know if you would accept the help of the Yuggs if

they promised to make you rich.

Until next time, I'm Ron McKenzie-Lefurgey with Life's Biggest Questions, wishing you

the best of luck, on your quest for answers.

I won't go into too much detail on these in this video, since they have been touched

on already.

If you'd like to see more about their effects on the world, check out our video entitled

What if Zoth-Ommog was Real.

For more infomation >> What If Ythogtha Was Real? - Duration: 5:16.

-------------------------------------------

Sound By Numbers: The Rise of Digital Sound - Duration: 14:12.

Have you ever noticed that a loudspeaker is the opposite of an eardrum?

Eh, probably not.

But it's true!

See our ears work by concentrating changes in air pressure onto a small diaphragm that

will move back and forth with the pressure changes.

This vibration causes stimulation in the heary bits of the ear which your brain can, assuming

you have normal hearing ability, turn into what we perceive as sound.

A loudspeaker does the opposite--its diaphragms (the driver cones) vibrate to create pressure

changes in the air.

This vibration gets transferred to our eardrums so we can hear it.

We're sticking to simple stuff today because the rabbit hole is just too deep.

All you need to know is that things vibrate, which causes air pressure to fluctuate, which

causes our eardrums to also vibrate, which stimulates the brain so that we can perceive

that vibration as sound.

This channel started as a series exploring the history of artificial sound, and it's

been over TWO YEARS since I last touched on it at all.

Finally we're finishing this up with the introduction of

DIGITAL SOUND (emphasis added with obnoxious reverb).

Since it's been forever, let's go over a brief history of sound recording technologies.

The first device which could reproduce a sound recording was the phonograph.

Thomas Edison's invention consisted of an artificial eardrum, which would vibrate along

with changes in sound pressure, and with the aid of a collecting horn, the vibration is

transferred into this stylus, creating an up-and-down motion.

This carves a groove into a wax cylinder, and the vibrating stylus creates an imprint

of the sound wave.

The depth of that groove becomes a literal analog of the original sound vibrations.

Then, when the stylus is run over the now bumpy groove, the bumps cause the diaphragm

to vibrate in the same way as it did when it first made the bumps, and the result is

that you hear the same sound as before.

Or at least, a barely passable imitation of that sound.

(sad sounding violin music)

Commercially produced discs and cylinders were molded from master

recordings, and wouldn't wear down like the original wax cylinders.

They were played back using devices like this.

This device is called a reproducer, and for decades all phonographs were based on

simple acoustic devices like this.

For nearly a century, this is how artificial sound recording technologies worked.

Something (like this horn) would collect sound waves, and recreate them onto a physical analog.

Then, that physical analog could recreate the original sound waves when played back.

While it all started with simple acoustic devices like this phonograph, eventually improvements

were made.

The development of the electronic microphone was perhaps the most important.

Now, sound waves cause a receiving diaphragm to move a coil of wire around a magnet, and

a voltage is produced in the wire as the diaphragm moves.

This time, sound waves are recreated as a voltage coming from the microphone, and by

amplifying this voltage and sending it into a new record cutting device which moves its

cutting stylus as a function of the voltage it receives, a more accurate carving of the

sound wave could be made into a disc or cylinder.

This greatly improved the fidelity of the recorded sound, even on acoustic reproduction

devices like this.

With the proliferation of radio--which I feel I must explain is a sound transmission technology,

not sound recording.

Just so we don't get confused too much here--

the loudspeaker became a big deal.

Loudspeakers are the opposite of microphones--instead of producing a voltage as a reaction to a

sound pressure wave moving its diaphragm, a loudspeaker will move its diaphragm and

create a pressure wave as a reaction to incoming voltage.

With loudspeakers all the rage, record players could now use a phonograph cartridge, which

acts like a microphone for records.

The movement of the stylus as the groove vibrates it generates a voltage which can be amplified

to drive a loudspeaker.

This gets very meta very quickly.

An artificial ear turns sounds into voltage, and a cutting stylus turns this voltage into

a groove on a record.

Then, a playback stylus playing the record generates a voltage as the stylus vibrates.

This voltage is then amplified to drive a loudspeaker, which causes pressure changes

in the air around the loudspeaker, which your ears concentrate down to your eardrums, and

now your real eardrums are vibrating in roughly the same way that the original artificial

eardrum moved in the microphone in the first place.

Yeah.

In essence, the record becomes a way to recreate the original pattern of voltage created by

the microphone, so that the sound can be heard again in a different place

at a different time.

Let's cut out the middle bit because that's what's most confusing.

A microphone like this creates an electrical signal of fluctuating intensity based on how

its diaphragm moves.

I can just amplify that signal and send it straight into a loudspeaker, which will reproduce

the sound in real time.

Radio accomplishes this wirelessly, but the sound isn't recorded.

To capture the sound coming from the microphone to be played back later, it has to be converted

into an analog of the signal.

And that's why it's called analog recording technology.

No matter if it's a record, a cassette tape, an open reel tape, or even a wax cylinder,

the sound information is recorded "doorectly"...

Doorectly.

Doorectly?

The sound information is recorded directly onto something, which can then be used to

recreate a copy of the original sound information.

That something is an analog of the original sound waves.

Improvements in sound technology were for many years simply incremental.

Wax cylinders became shellac discs.

Shellac became vinyl.

Magnetic recording wire allowed for a reusable, electronic recording medium.

This was improved into magnetic tape, allowing for a high fidelity, versatile recording medium

enabling multi-track recording and editing.

And to improve on the noise of magnetic tape, different particle formulations were developed,

and noise reduction technologies matured.

But we were still just taking some signal from a microphone, then slapping it basically

as is onto some sort of physical medium.

And that medium was never perfect.

Poorly made tape would cause signal dropouts.

Discs would be plagued by dust and scratches, and would slowly wear down with each play.

Because the analog medium contained the sound in its physical properties, it was inherently

prone to wear, damage, and distortion.

Which of course would wear down, damage, or distort the sound recording itself.

If only there were some way to encode the sound, perhaps a way to store sound logically

rather than analogously.

Maybe if the signal weren't the sound itself, but instead were a set of instructions on

how to recreate it, we could get lossless, near-perfect sound reproduction.

And thus, digital sound was born.

The heart of uncompressed digital sound is pulse-code modulation, or PCM.

PCM's roots can be traced back to the telegraph days, but its invention as we know it today

for sound came from British Engineer Alec Reeves.

I feel I must compliment Mr. Reeves on his given name, it's excellent.

Very good.

He first devised this digital method of transmitting and receiving voice communication in 1937,

though it required extremely complex circuitry for the time.

However, PCM transmission was used during World War 2 as a way to encrypt extremely

important voice conversations, such as those between Winston Churchill

and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

This encryption system was called SIGSALY,

"SIGSALLY"?

"SIGSALIE"?

Or Project X, X System, Ciphony 1, or Green Hornet.

Anyway, Project Green Sally X System Hornet 1 was much more complicated than simple Pulse

Code Modulation, but PCM was a large part of its encryption.

So how does PCM work?

It's actually simpler than it might seem at first.

It's rather like a system for repeatedly asking what the instantaneous amplitude of

a signal is many thousands of times per second, then simply writing that down.

Let's look at a simple sine wave.

If this were to be encoded on a vinyl record, the groove of the record would start out straight

in the center, then move to the left as the signal intensity reached peak, then it would

start to move to the right, keep moving, keep moving, and then it would pull back to the

center.

When it's played back, the movement of the stylus as the walls of the groove wiggle it

back and forth will recreate this signal.

And audio tape does the same thing, except the intensity isn't recorded as a physical

movement, but as a degree of magnetization on the tape.

But with PCM, we aren't even trying to recreate the wave.

Instead, we want to quantify it and play connect-the-dots.

Let's say I want to take 20 samples of this waveform.

OK, I'll divide it up into 20 chunks.

Now I just need to define the detail I can have within each sample.

Let's put this on a scale of 0 to 15.

That's 4 bits of resolution.

Now, at each sampling point, we can take the closest value.

This sine wave can now be represented as the following string of numbers.

To get the sine wave back, we simply plot those numbers on a graph.

Then, connect the dots.

Tada! A sine…

wave?

Well, a sloppy sine wave.

But that's only because we weren't very specific.

We only took 20 samples, and each one could only be one of 16 values.

But now we know the two most crucial parts of digital sound--the sample rate and the

bit depth.

Perhaps the most common sample rate and bit depth of digital sound is 44.1 kilohertz,

16 bits.

This means that every second, 44,100 samples are taken, and each sample can be one of 65,536

values, or 2 to the power of 16.

And that's how devices like this, a Tascam DR-05, record sound.

It's looking at the voltage coming from the microphone, and taking precise measurements.

Every 44.1 thousandth of a second, it takes a voltage reading, and, well, writes it down.

It's furiously quantifying and logging the voltage it measures with 16 bits of accuracy,

and the result is a string of numbers that logically represent the shape of the sound

waves that exerted pressure on the microphone's diagram.

Pretty neat, huh?

And it can actually write down two numbers at a time, since this has two microphones

and records in stereo.

Inside this recorder is what's called an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC.

The "ADC" is the actual device responsible for creating the stream of samples.

It takes the analog signal coming from the microphones themselves and converts it into

a stream of discrete numbers.

If you open the files it makes in audacity, you see what looks like a waveform of the sound.

It is a waveform, but a waveform that's been plotted precisely on a graph.

Zoom way, way, way in on the waveform,

and eventually you can see the individual samples themselves.

And that's all digital sound is--

it's a huge list of numbers strung together in order.

To get these numbers back into sound we can hear, we need to use the opposite of an analog-to-digital

converter, or "ADC".

So, we'll use a DAC, or Digital-to-analog converter.

I like it when names make sense.

A DAC will read the string of numbers, and generate an analog voltage based upon their

values.

The DAC will smooth out the choppiness of the samples a bit to make the resulting sound

a little more natural, and now you've got an analog signal to send into an amplifier

and drive a loudspeaker.

The result is a near-perfect reproduction of the originally recorded sound.

Here's a very crude analogy to explain the difference between analog and digital sound.

A vinyl record's walls generate an analog signal by moving the stylus left and right...

as well as up and down.

It's diagonally moved for stereo, but just imagine for a moment that it's just left

and right.

A record directly creates the analog signal via the motion of the stylus.

But a digital sound source is instead sort of like a virtual stylus riding in a virtual groove.

The sound samples are snapshots in time of where the stylus was.

A DAC will then create an analog signal by running a virtual stylus through this virtual

groove and placing it at exactly the correct location--and thus generating the appropriate

voltage level--as defined by the samples.

By using a giant list of numbers to recreate sound, instead of the physical properties

of a plastic disc, the sound can be reproduced flawlessly and accurately with no reliance

on the record player's cartridge properties, the integrity of its stylus, it's motor,

the quality of the vinyl etc.

The biggest boon of digital sound was that it eliminated all of the little nuances that

might change how a recording sounds.

Digital sound is in a sense, absolute.

But getting digital sound into the hands of the average consumer took a long while.

DACs and "ADCs" were expensive components, and the amount of raw data generated by sound

recording was immense for the standards of the time.

Although 650 megabytes, the data equivalent of the first compact discs, is a paltry sum

of data in the 21st century, it was unimaginably huge in the early 1970's, when the first

commercial digital sound recording took place.

For context, the Commodore 64, released the same year as the compact disc, has 64 kilobytes

of ram, and that was considered huge for the time.

A compact disc held roughly ten thousands times as much data.

64 kilobtyes of CD quality audio lasts this long;

(clip)

That's not super helpful.

When we continue, we'll look at the methods that were used to store data from digital

recordings, and we'll discuss the rise of the compact disc as a robust, consumer-friendly

format for digital sound reproduction and distribution.

Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the video!

If this is your first time coming across the channel and you liked what you saw, please

consider subscribing to Technology Connections.

Don't forget you can also follow me on Twitter @TechConnectify, and you might enjoy the second

channel, Technology Connection 2, where I talk about stuff and don't prepare for anything.

Also, thanks to Lord Telaneo on Twitter, there is also a Technology Connections Subreddit.

I really don't know reddit at all, but you will also find me there as TechConnectify.

As always, thank you to everyone who supports this channel on Patreon, especially the wonderful

folks that have been scrolling up your screen.

It is with the support of people like you that I'm able to make these videos.

Thank you.

If you'd like to you join these awesome people and support the channel too, why not

take a look at my Patreon page.

Thank you for your consideration, and I'll see you next time!

For more infomation >> Sound By Numbers: The Rise of Digital Sound - Duration: 14:12.

-------------------------------------------

Hyundai i20 1.0 T-GDI Comfort Navi/Clima/Cruise - Duration: 1:13.

For more infomation >> Hyundai i20 1.0 T-GDI Comfort Navi/Clima/Cruise - Duration: 1:13.

-------------------------------------------

Hyundai i20 1.0 T-GDI Comfort Navi/Clima/Cruise - Duration: 1:13.

For more infomation >> Hyundai i20 1.0 T-GDI Comfort Navi/Clima/Cruise - Duration: 1:13.

-------------------------------------------

Million Dollar Listing NY: Fredrik Spends Time With 2 Important People (Season 7, Episode 6) | Bravo - Duration: 2:29.

For more infomation >> Million Dollar Listing NY: Fredrik Spends Time With 2 Important People (Season 7, Episode 6) | Bravo - Duration: 2:29.

-------------------------------------------

Chris Hayes Explains Why MSNBC IGNORES Important Issues – They're Ratings Killers! - Duration: 4:29.

MSNBC host Chris Hayes admitted something on Tuesday night that I'm sure his corporate

media masters are not going to be too happy about.

Chris Hayes posted something about climate change and how devastating the effects were

of climate change in Greece.

He got a response from it on Twitter that said, "Sure would be nice if our news networks,

the only outlets that can force change in this country, would cover it with commiserate

urgency.

Acting as if there's nothing to be done is just excusable."

It's just not excusable, excuse me.

So that was the tweet that responded to Chris Hayes who was talking about climate change

on Twitter, and this is what Chris Hayes responded with.

"Almost without exception, every single time we've covered, it's been a palpable ratings

killer.

So the incentives are not great."

Climate change: an issue that affects every single human being on this planet, no matter

where they live, no matter how much money that have.

They don't cover it, they don't talk about it because it's a ratings killer.

Corporate media doesn't wanna talk about important issues, be it climate change or drug that's

gonna kill you, because those are snoozefests.

Why talk about that when Donald Trump just tweeted a tweet with a misspelled word, we

gotta spend five hours talking about that.

Hayes continued.

That was not the only tweet where he admitted the truth.

He went on to say this: "There is a vast array of stories for which this is true as well,

stories for which there simply is little exgenius audience demand," and I probably pronounced

that word wrong, my apologies.

But there's little audience demand.

You guys, you need to be out there demanding these stories, and I'm not gonna lie here,

Chris Hayes is 100% right.

Not only are these issues ratings killers, because we have seen it through our YouTube

channel, we've seen it on other's YouTube channels, but we still cover it.

Eyeballs don't necessarily matter.

What matters is that you're out there being honest to yourself, and reporting on the stories

that actually matter to people in this country and all around the globe.

Chris Hayes is not at fault here.

Do not get me wrong, I am not saying that.

Chris Hayes admitted the truth.

And what worries me here is that Chris Hayes is going to end up being punished for telling

the truth here.

How many times have you seen any member of the corporate media come out and say, "Yeah,

we don't talk about that because it doesn't get us ratings.

The people up on the top floor don't want us to do that."

Never, except of course for Cenk Uygur after he was let go from MSNBC for wanting to talk

about important issues.

Same thing with Ed Schultz.

I fear that Chris Hayes is about to go the same way.

Because he finally admitted the truth, he wasn't afraid to do it, and any time any reporter

at MSNBC, or any of these corporate media outlets, I mean, hell, all the way back to

Phil Donahue at MSNBC, any time they have the courage to go out there and admit the

truth, they lose their jobs.

I am confident and sad that that is probably going to happen to Chris Hayes, but his message

is clear.

The corporate masters at MSNBC, as well as the other networks, they don't let their hosts

talk about issues that affect your daily life because it is a "ratings killer."

So what you can do, public, not only demand that they go out and start covering these

stories, but even better than that, turn it off.

Corporate media should be dead to you.

They don't care what you want to know about, they don't care about the issues that affect

everything you do throughout your daily life.

So why should you care enough to give them your eyeballs, or any second of your life

when they don't care about that life, other than in terms of advertising dollars?

For more infomation >> Chris Hayes Explains Why MSNBC IGNORES Important Issues – They're Ratings Killers! - Duration: 4:29.

-------------------------------------------

Supersized Bacon Cheeseburger Challenge w/ Sausages in Texas!! - Duration: 6:52.

Hey everybody this is Randy Santel "Atlas" with Atlas & Zeus Promotions and

proud owner of foodchallenges.com! Very very excited today I'm going for overall

win number 562 still on our Southwest USA winter tour! I am in Crosby, Texas we

are at Busta's Burgers and More, we're taking on their Challenge Burger! Now

this is called that because it's undefeated! There are two one-pound

patties of beef obviously and then it is covered with cheese.

There is one sausage link below all these very healthy vegetables, now we've

got lettuce tomato we've got onions, we've got pickles and tomatoes, and we've

got a bench of mayonnaise on the top and this is like a Hawaiian bun, which is

very thick and dense I'll have to get that down too along with the one-pound

side of fries now I've got 45 minutes to finish this thing if I fail it's going

to be $40 but if I win I will get the $40 meal for free I'll get a sweet

t-shirt, I'll be added to their Wall of Fame, and because I will be the first

winner I'll be able to name the challenge so let's get this challenge

started!

All right like I said this challenge is undefeated and I've got 45 minutes to

finish! Felt very good after the challenge I did last night that was an

awesome dominating win let's get another one before we head to San Antonio, but

thank you to Buster's burgers and more here in Crosby, Texas for hosting the

challenge! 1, 2, 3. . . Boom! All right gonna get the first beef patty down now

we've got two sausage links I guess let's eat those double do the beef!

Lots of bacon on here too!

Four minutes in gonna try to eat this bottom one with the bottom patty all

together!

Under eight minutes in we just got the top bun left which has some mayonnaise

the bottom bun had some mustard on it. Very very good with all that that burger

patty was awesome but yeah we've got pickles mayonnaise and this top bun

let's eat it and then we'll do the fries.

Ten minutes 45 seconds plenty of time!

12 minutes and 56 seconds the first person to finish the challenge so

obviously the new record awesome, awesome burger they've got great

reviews online and now I know why! Both of those patties were awesome the

sausage on there was great with all of that American cheese and then all those

healthy vegetables full of fiber and vitamins to help keep my system healthy

along with that Hawaiian bread. There was a lot of that but the flavor to it was

really really good! For winning I'm going to get the $40 meal for free I'll get a

sweet t-shirt down to my collection, and I'll be the first person on the wall of

fame, and for marketing purposes it's obviously going to be chosen the name as

the Randy Santel Challenge Burger so thank you to Busta's Burgers and More

here in Crosby for the opportunity to name the burger, very very excited to be

the first winner and get another shirt to add to my collection! Thank you guys

all for coming to watch, thank you guys for watching - it was overall win number

562!

For more infomation >> Supersized Bacon Cheeseburger Challenge w/ Sausages in Texas!! - Duration: 6:52.

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Viral Internet Challenge Is Getting OUT OF HAND - Duration: 2:50.

Police are extremely concerned about the latest challenge taking over social media.

So what else is new.

I'm going to tell you about the inmyfeelings challenge right now on IO.

Welcome back to IO, I'm charlotte dobre.

By the way tessa don't upload videos of people doing it, it will get copyright claimed.

Alright so, you may or may not have heard of the drake, in myfeelings challenge.

its actually been around for a little while now, since drake released his latest album.

But lately, its popularity has spiked across the entire world, and its causing concerned

among police because the challenge has morphed into something much more dangerous.

The in my feelings challenge was started by internet personality shiggy.

On june 29th, shaggy posted an instagram video of him dancing in the street to drakes song.

Since then, thousands of people, including celebrities are participating in the challenge.

Everyone from Ciara to kevin hart to professional atheletes like russell Williams and n zone

dancer, odell beckham junior have posted submissions.

So, the point of the in my feelings challenge, is you record yourself dancing to drakes song

'in my feelings'.

Seems harmless, only now people are making the challenge far more 'challenging' and

they are jumping out of moving cars and dancing on the street.

This is obviously dangerous, if you are getting out of a moving car, you run the risk of getting

hit by oncoming traffic.

You also run the risk of endangering others by causing a distraction on the street, when

drivers should be paying attention to one thing, the road.

There are literal submissions showing people getting hurt while trying to do the inmyfeelings

challenge.

Several police departments across the world have been forced to warn that if they catch

you doing the extreme version of the in my feelings challenge.

So far, 3 social media influencers in abu dabi have been arrested for participating

in the challenge, after police said that it endangered their lives, offended public morals,

and violated traffic law.

In dubai, if you get caught, you'll get 23 black points on your license and get your

car taken away from you for up to 60 days.

In spain, you could face criminal charges.

So far the hashtag on instagram has over 200 thousand submissions.

By the way, it is totally possible to do the inmyfeelings challenge somewhere other than

the middle of the street.

You know, somewhere that doesn't put yourself or other people at risk.

Like on a stage, kevin hart did it on a stage, be like kevin hart.

Alrighty guys that's all I have for you on that, its time to respond to some comments.

Nathaniel Cherry – a cup of mummy juice to wash down my tide pods.

Mm sounds delicious can we splash some bleach on that, just for kicks?

J hope hobi – charlotte can you pronounce Calgary.

I can, im actually from Calgary.

Ludicrous james – you are the best charlotte!

Id watch the live stream.

Okay good to know.

We wanna start live streaming on IO, so stay tuned for that!

That's all folks, thanks for watching, don't forget to leave a thumbs up, stay subscribed

and turn on notifications.

If you wanna stay on this channel, why not check out this video, or this playlist.

Make sure you follow me and IO on instagram, our links are posted in the description of

this video.

That's it for me, and I'll see you in the next IO video.

For more infomation >> Viral Internet Challenge Is Getting OUT OF HAND - Duration: 2:50.

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BACK TO THE ROUTINE - Duration: 11:18.

For more infomation >> BACK TO THE ROUTINE - Duration: 11:18.

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Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope: July 25-28 - Duration: 2:10.

Get yourself a good job, it'll make you feel real grand, 'cause every week the boss

lays green power in your hand.

Green power's mighty, and it can buy a lot, but it can't buy you what I've got.

I've got love power baby, enough to spare.

It's a kind of power you just gotta share.

Love power baby, that's what I've got.

Why don't cha come on, come on, come on and get it while it's hot.

I laid back on my analyst's couch, and told him what's frustrating me.

He said "the trouble with you is you can't cope," then asked me for a fifty dollar fee.

I said "Don't bother me, I can't cope."

But you say this house is quaint.

It's so old and filled with history.

It may be quaint to you, but it's just one big headache for me.

Whoa

Lookin' over from your side, you say, "complainin' again, what's new?"

But if you were lookin' from my side, you'd be complainin' too.

I've come through some mighty low valleys, and over mountains hard to climb,

but when I look back over my tracks, it seems like I'm marking time.

I gotta keep runnin', I gotta keep runnin', I gotta keep runnin',

I gotta keep runnin' til' I run on in.

I gotta keep movin', I gotta keep movin', I gotta keep movin',

I gotta keep movin' til' I move on in.

I gotta keep movin' til' I move on in.

I gotta keep movin' til' I move on in.

For more infomation >> Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope: July 25-28 - Duration: 2:10.

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Los Famosos siguen con su buena racha en Exatlón | Suelta La Sopa | Entretenimiento - Duration: 1:31.

For more infomation >> Los Famosos siguen con su buena racha en Exatlón | Suelta La Sopa | Entretenimiento - Duration: 1:31.

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Behind the scenes at Charlotte's emergency pet clinic - Duration: 2:46.

For more infomation >> Behind the scenes at Charlotte's emergency pet clinic - Duration: 2:46.

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Top 10 Alpha Jay Show Videos! - Duration: 8:21.

After Alpha Jay Show, one of my favorite content creators on YouTube recently passed 100 thousand

subscribers, I wanted to make a tribute video to him, in this Top 10 Best Alpha Jay Show

Videos!

Hey ladies and jellyfish, wumbos of all sizes, welcome back to A.S.K.

Air's videos!

Today I am taking a look at one of my favorite YouTubers ever: Alpha Jay Show!

I think Jay's videos are all very well-constructed and well-analyzed and while I haven't seen

him in real life, he seems like a very nice guy!

While none of my YouTube comments or messages have reached him before for some reason, no

blockage can stop me from making this video.

(Demonetization Sign) Okay, maybe they can, but in honor of Jay recently passing the 100k

mark, and in anticipation for Review 100, here are the Top 10 Best Alpha Jay Videos!

I know he already has a playlist dedicated to this, but this is my opinion, so yeah.

Also, this is strictly based on video quality in terms of editing and commentary on whatever

he talks about.

Also note I won't go too much in detail with the choices, but I'll try as hard as

I can.

Anyway, with no further adieu, let's get into it!

#10: How I'd Write: It's A Wishful Life This very analytical and well scripted How

I'd Write on one of the worst FOP episodes ever, was very well done!

I think Jay's new "draft" of the episode was very entertaining and it shows how talented

he is in understanding the problems with an episode and finding ways to fix at least the

plot!

The editing was also pretty good, nothing too crazy, but well-edited in general.

Ergo, a good video in the end.

#9: Girly Squirrely/FOP Season 10 Review This very long review is so spot on, especially

for being one of his older videos.

It started with one of those hilarious Hitler parody videos which he very cleverly edited

to make sense.

The video itself is also very great!

Just seeing Jay's angry reviewer side was very amusing and, while back then people may

have more heavily criticised him for having a less enthusiastic voice, here it actually

makes it better, because of his "disinterest" to see this episode.

Overall a great one.

#8: Versus: Band Geeks Vs. Mimic Madness This is one of Jay's best videos for sure.

He takes 2 of my favorites of SpongeBob, although Mimic Madness not so much, and does a Versus

to see which era of SpongeBob is better in terms of the top-tier.

The video is beautifully structured and the editing looks very clean and polished and

reminds me to get off my butt and work on ask vs air #5 already.

The idea in general is pretty smart as well, so through and through, from idea to execution,

it's obvious he spent a long time on this, and kudos to him for that.

#7: Versus: Gumball Romantic Episodes This video spawned over 1.2 million views

believe it or not, and I can see why.

This is one of Jay's best Versus's?

Versuses?

Versusees?

This is one of Jay's best Versusees for sure, because the two episodes are pretty

interesting and similar, the editing is very smooth and stylized to Jay specifically, and

the commentary is obviously great.

His Gumball reviews are always awesome and this one is one of the best.

#6: Cartoon Network In 2017 When Jay delivers, he freaking delivers!

Cartoon Network In 2017 was a very well-structured video, where Jay harped on tons of shows he

hadn't talked about a lot before and explained why Cartoon Network was really the pit of

the cherry in 2017.

He explains how the animation variation is bad, slightly touches on the Teen Titans Go

frenzy, and talks about the bad marketing practices of the network.

The "New New New New" inside joke is pretty funny, and the editing as always is at its

best.

I loved his concise look at all the shows on the network, talking about once again the

animation, marketing and overall quality of Cartoon Network in 2017.

One of his best videos without a doubt.

#5: Top 10 Worst Episodes of 2017 This 16 minute list consists of Jay's least

favorite cartoon episodes of 2017.

The editing of the transition slide is so simple and minimalistic, and the editing of

the total thing was great and I wish I could edit like he does.

The choices were all really well analyzed and picked to begin with.

The variety in cartoons made the list really varied in terms of what he covered.

The fact that he only allowed one spot per cartoon was also a great idea, which gave

the list some diversity and variety.

The scripting was also great, something I think Jay isn't too famous for, but really

should be.

#4: Character Clash: Patrick vs Cosmo This does include both modern and original

character comparisons, even though I do prefer his modern video.

It brings in an extremely needed video from the cartoon community, comparing the 2 most

memorable dumb characters from cartoons.

He deconstructs each character bringing episode examples for each.

I just wonder why no one had done this before, and I'm so glad Jay of all people, with

the great editing, did it first, to give a good first impression, so to speak.

I don't know if this really matters, but I really liked his pink and green color choices

in the video too.

#3: Top 10 Best Teen Titans Go Episodes In his 75th 90 minute special, he takes the

most hated cartoon ever, and does the most clever thing ever, goes completely against

the popular opinion and counts down some actually good ones, since unlike shows like modern

Johnny Test, Teen Titans Go is all bad because of the writing, not fundamentals like animation.

Therefore, as long as the writers do a good job, on Teen Titans Go at least, it makes

a good episode regardless.

His choices were all great and his analysis was so good is took up 90 minutes of time

to review.

Wow!

I know some people may argue this is his best video, but I beg to differ.

Now, number 2 on the other hand-.

#2: Channel Chasers Review Now, I can tell this choice, unlike #1, is

a very obvious pick.

I think everyone can agree that this video here is one of his best.

He reviews one of the best cartoon specials ever, IN AN ACTUALLY GOOD REVIEW, and deconstructs

the episode scene by scene.

His editing is top-notch in this video and it is a clear example of how talented Jay

truly is.

It's 30 minutes long, and his analysis is amazingly detailed, which I think every cartoon

reviewer should follow.

The thumbnail also is just amazing!

#1: The SpongeBob Mega Versus This hour long Versus on 4 different episodes

from modern SpongeBob reusing the same plot structure is fricking amazing!

I can't believe it doesn't have as many views and recognition as some other choices

on the list because it is truly a staple of good content on YouTube.

I've seen it at least 8 times now; I'm such a loser.

Jay shows that he can broaden his boundaries when it comes to quantity and quality of his

videos, and he makes my favorite and in my opinion the BEST Alpha Jay video.

In fact, I recommend going to this video right now, and commenting: "Hey Jay, I wanna have

an Italian dinner with you in the outskirts of Florida where the cops won't see me come

to your house, so we can lather our bodies with the bamboo liquid you get when you go

in the...", don't actually say that.

I wanna maintain my restraining order within 4 digits.

And that's that.

Hopefully someone sees this.

Oh who am I kidding?

Some kid will come and call me a faggot or whatever and I'll get like 30 views.

Anyways, tell me your top 10 Alpha Jay videos in the comments down below, like the video

if you enjoyed, and subscribe if you like what you see.

If you're new, feel free to check out my YouTube homepage for more videos, and check

out my website for links and tons of spoilers!

Please also join my Google+ community and my very new Discord server, with the links

below.

Thank you so much for watching, and I'll see you guys next time!

Peace!

For more infomation >> Top 10 Alpha Jay Show Videos! - Duration: 8:21.

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Million Dollar Listing NY: Steve Gold Is Not In A Good Mood! (Season 7, Episode 6) | Bravo - Duration: 1:52.

For more infomation >> Million Dollar Listing NY: Steve Gold Is Not In A Good Mood! (Season 7, Episode 6) | Bravo - Duration: 1:52.

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You've Probably Eaten Monsanto Poison In The Last 24 Hours - Duration: 3:58.

Right now, Monsanto is arguing in a court in California that their blockbuster weed

killer, Roundup, and the active ingredient in it, glyphosate, is 100% safe and it does

not cause cancer.

It will not harm human beings in any way, shape, or form.

Now, the independent science that was not funded by Monsanto for the last 20 years or

more, has showed us that that's 100% not true.

We know that Monsanto's Roundup and the active ingredient, glyphosate, does cause cancer.

That is what independent studies have been showing us since at least the 1990s, when

the EPA first classified this as a possible human carcinogen.

Then for some reason a few years later, after massive Monsanto lobbying, they decided to

revoke that classification and say, "Oh, yeah, you're right.

This is totally safe."

The reason I mention that is because I have to mention this.

There is a good chance that sometime within the last 24 hours, no matter when you're watching

this, that within the last 24 hours of your life, you have put glyphosate in your body

without even knowing it.

Reports show us that Quaker Oats Life and Square cereal, Gerber and Beech-Nut Baby Oatmeal,

Cheerios, store brand O cereals from Target, Safeway, Walmart, Trader Joe's, Kroger, all

of those, have tested positive for containing glyphosate.

Here's where it happens; the grains used in everything from baby food to cereals to breads

to pastas are sprayed with Roundup.

Throughout the preparation of that from grain to food, that Roundup cannot be washed off.

It cannot be cooked off.

Once it's on there, it's on there, no matter what final form those grains take.

Furthermore, and this is even more disturbing what we're learning now, it's not just the

food products like the agriculture stuff.

Honey.

Honey is contaminated with glyphosate because, again, we're spraying all the crops, all the

flowers, everything with glyphosate.

The bees are coming, getting the pollen that's covered in glyphosate, taking it back and

making honey with it.

So honey products, anything that has honey in it, is likely contaminated with glyphosate.

It doesn't matter if you're going non-GMO.

It doesn't matter if you're going 100% raw, whole grain, whatever, if you're buying local.

The contamination is across the board.

It's in beers.

It's in wines.

It's in beef.

It's in pork, chicken.

Anything that eats the things that gets sprayed with glyphosate has it build up inside of

them.

Here's the thing.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health shows that glyphosate in lab tests

has damaged genes, caused birth defects, reduced sperm production, damaged the liver and kidney,

and disrupted sex hormone function.

Of course, all that is in addition to causing things like non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and it

also affects brain myelination during developmental processes, which makes children more likely

to be born with some form of autism, somewhere on the spectrum.

This stuff is absolutely toxic.

Again, the worst part is that it's almost 100% guaranteed that no matter what you ate,

whether it was chicken wings or a nice, healthy salad, you've put glyphosate in your body

within the last 24 hours.

For more infomation >> You've Probably Eaten Monsanto Poison In The Last 24 Hours - Duration: 3:58.

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Sharon Osbourne Offers Support to Demi Lovato: 'You can win this war, one day at a time' - Duration: 2:19.

For more infomation >> Sharon Osbourne Offers Support to Demi Lovato: 'You can win this war, one day at a time' - Duration: 2:19.

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:P「Paper Mario 📄 Ep8」 - Duration: 1:26:03.

For more infomation >> :P「Paper Mario 📄 Ep8」 - Duration: 1:26:03.

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Erkenci Kuş / Early Bird Trailer - Episode 6 (Eng & Tur Subs) - Duration: 1:00.

Look him in the eye...

...tell him "I am in love with you". The rest is up to him.

Whatever happens, happens, right?!

- Zebercet? Ayhan! - Sanem?

He climbed on the billboard and tried to tear it down.

God!

That Osman will come here! Oh, here he is!

I am here, brother.

I and my rolling pin are waiting for your explanation, impatiently!

You are head over heels in love.

Should you go and talk to him? Should you tell him everything?

Sanem?

I am here to confess something.

I've never felt this way before.

I don't know what to say or how to speak.

I...

For more infomation >> Erkenci Kuş / Early Bird Trailer - Episode 6 (Eng & Tur Subs) - Duration: 1:00.

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Arsenal news : Petr Cech reveals Unai Emery message over No.1 spot after Leno's arrival ● #AFC - Duration: 2:33.

Petr Cech says he hasn't been told by Unai Emery if he'll remain as Arsenal's No

1 this season.

The veteran goalkeeper came in for criticism last season as the Gunners endured a disappointing

league campaign.

Following Arsene Wenger's departure, new boss Unai Emery dipped into the transfer market

to bring in Bernd Leno from Bayer Leverkusen.

The 26-year-old will be looking to push Cech for a starting spot, while Emiliano Martinez

and David Ospina are also at Emery's disposal.

But Cech, who has been linked with a shock return to Chelsea, claims he isn't letting

the goalkeeper battle get to him and is instead focused on impressing in training.

"The manager hasn't said who is going to be No 1 yet but the whole team has the

same message," he said.

"Everyone works as hard as he can and then the manager makes the choice when pre-season

is over.

"The only thing you can do as a player is work hard in training and then you try to

show your manager you are the only one who can play.

"That's what I have been concentrating on.

"I do my job as well as I can and obviously the manager has the decision who is going

to be in the starting line-up and who isn't.

"We have a large squad so there will always be people left behind, but we will see how

it goes in my position.

"I do my best every day and that's all I can do."

Cech knows all about having to impress a new manager following his 11-year stint at Chelsea

and he'll be looking to use his experience in order to secure himself as Emery's No

1 this season.

He added: "It might be different for the players who have been at Arsenal for a long

time, but for those who came in they are used to working with different managers.

"That is the way it is in modern football.

"I had 11 managers while I was at Chelsea, so you can imagine the way it goes.

"It's always the same — a new manager comes in, you work hard as you can to show

him you can be in the starting line-up and that's all you can do."

Leno and Cech could both be handed game time when Arsenal play Atletico Madrid tomorrow.