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Liver function tests
Liver function tests, which measure the different chemicals in the blood, are produced by the liver.
An abnormal result indicates that the liver has a problem, and may help determine the cause.
Other tests may be needed to clarify the cause of the problem in the liver.
1. What does the liver do?
The liver is located in the upper right abdomen. The liver has many functions including:
Glycogen storage, (which is considered a fuel for the body), glycogen is made from sugars.
When needed, the liver breaks down glycogen into glucose into the bloodstream.
Transforms fat and protein, (protein), from food.
Produces protein necessary for coagulation (clotting factors).
Metabolize and / or eliminate alcohol, various drugs, toxins and toxins from the body.
The liver also secrete bile.
This is a yellowish liquid that contains bile acids, bile pigment and waste products such as bilirubin.
Bile is secreted by hepatocytes, and infiltrated into small bile ducts.
The small bile ducts are joined together into the larger bile duct, and eventually into the bile duct.
The bile from the bile duct into the duodenum (the first intestine following the stomach) passes through an opening called the duodenal ulcer.
The gallbladder is located under the right liver of the upper abdomen.
The gallbladder is the concentrate, and the bile is stored between the meals.
When you eat, the gall bladder contract, to push bile through the bile duct into the bile duct, down the duodenum, to help dissolve and absorb fat in the food.
2. What is liver function test?
When the liver performs its various functions, it causes the chemical to enter the blood and bile.
Various hepatic dysfunction, altering the blood concentration of these chemicals.
Some of these chemicals, which can be measured in the blood.
Some blood tests, usually done, are called liver function tests.
Substances usually measured in liver function tests include:
Alanine transaminase (ALT).
This is an enzyme that helps break down proteins.
(Enzyme is a protein, which speeds up the chemical reaction.) There are many different enzymes in the body's cells.
Large amounts of ALT are present in the liver cells.
When the liver is damaged or inflamed, (as in hepatitis), blood ALT levels increase.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
This is an enzyme, often found in liver cells.
When blood tests detect high levels of this enzyme in the blood, it usually means that the liver is damaged in some way.
However, AST may also be released if the heart or skeletal muscle is injured.
For this reason, ALT is generally considered to be more specific for the liver.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
This enzyme is predominantly in hepatocytes, in addition to the bile duct and bone.
High blood ALP levels, in some diseases in the liver and bone.
Albumin.
This is the main protein produced by the liver, and it circulates in the blood.
The ability to produce albumin, (and other proteins), decreases in some metabolic disorders.
Total protein intake.
This test measures albumin, and all other proteins in the blood.
Bilirubin. This chemical makes the bile green.
High levels of bilirubin in the blood, which will make you jaundice.
Bilirubin is made from hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is a chemical in red blood cells, released when red blood cells break down.
The liver cells take the bilirubin, and attach the sugar molecules to it.
This is then called bilirubin 'conjugate', which goes into the bile duct.
Blood levels of bilirubin 'conjugate' increase, occurring more often in liver disease and bile duct.
It is especially high if there is a secret rule.
For example, because the stone is stuck in the bile duct, or by a tumor in the pancreas.
It can also be high in hepatitis, liver damage, or long-term alcoholism.
Increased levels of bilirubin in the blood, which occurs when red blood cells break down, for example, in hemolytic anemia.
The normal value of liver function tests, usually can vary between different laboratories,
So, it is not always possible to compare results directly, if they were made in different places.
In addition, the normal value of liver tests, also often different for men and women.
3. Liver function tests, used for what?
To help diagnose liver disorders, if you have symptoms, it may be due to liver disease, (such as jaundice).
Blood results, which can help to diagnose any disorder that causes liver problems.
For example, depending on which enzyme is the highest, it can lead to a particular disorder.
Monitoring activity, and severity of liver dysfunction.
As a precautionary measure, after starting to take certain medications, to check that they do not cause side effects, damage to the liver or not.
Screening for underlying liver disease (eg, alcoholism, or hepatitis).
4. Other liver tests.
Liver function tests are helpful, and are usually the first sign of liver disease.
However, other tests of the liver may also be performed,
to determine the diagnosis of a particular disorder, and / or to monitor the course of the disorder and to respond to treatment.
Other blood tests, which can be performed include:
Blood test.
Liver produces protein, essential for coagulation, (coagulation factors).
Liver dysfunction, can not produce enough protein, and so the blood clotting slow down.
Therefore, coagulation testing may be used, as a marker of severity, of certain liver dysfunction.
Gamma-glutamyltransferase, (GGT or 'gamma GT').
This is an enzyme found in liver cells.
A high concentration of this enzyme, particularly associated with severe alcoholism.
(Liver clears and eliminates alcohol from the body, and GTT participates in this process).
Immunology.
Can be made to detect:
Virus and antiviral antibody.
Different viral infections can cause hepatitis, for example, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and so on.
Self-antibody.
These antibodies attack part of your body, and occur when there are autoimmune disorders.
The most common autoimmune disorders of the liver are:
- Primary biliary cirrhosis, (associated with mitochondrial antibody).
- autoimmune hepatitis, (in combination with smooth muscle antibodies).
- Primary inflammatory bowel disease, (in combination with antibodies against cytoplasmic nuclei).
Proteins in the blood, which can target specific liver diseases, for example:
- Ceruloplasmin decreased in Wilson disease.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a common cause of cirrhosis.
- High levels of ferritin, which is a sign of iron overload (haemochromatosis).
Other tests such as liver biopsy, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, etc., may be needed to clarify the cause of the liver disorder and / or monitor its progress.
Note:Normal liver function tests do not always exclude liver disease.
Source:Internet.
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